▶ Intangiriro

Nk'ikintu gisanzwe gikenerwa buri munsi, amacupa yo gusukura amaze igihe kinini yinjijwe cyane mu buzima bwacu. Byaba ari mu isuku ya buri munsi, cyangwa mu kwisiga no kwita ku ruhu, cyangwa ndetse no mu macupa yo kwisiga ahumura neza, amacupa yo gusukura aboneka ahantu hose. Isura yayo ntituma turushaho koroherwa gusa, ahubwo inatuma ibikoresho bya buri munsi birushaho kunozwa kandi neza. Bitewe n'impinduka mu bikenewe n'imibereho n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, amacupa yo gusukura ahumura yavuguruwe mu bijyanye n'imiterere n'imikorere, kandi yabaye amahitamo y'ingenzi yo gupakira ibicuruzwa bitandukanye.

Muri iyi nkuru, turareba amateka n'iterambere ry'icupa rya spray y'ikirahure kugira ngo abasomyi basobanukirwe byimbitse kuri ubu buvumbuzi bworoshye ariko bufite udushya twinshi.

▶ Inkomoko n'iterambere rya mbere ry'amacupa yo gusukura

1. Ubuvumbuzi bwa mbere bw'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti

Ikoranabuhanga rya spray rishobora gukururwa kuva mu kinyejana cya 19, ubwo ryakoreshwaga cyane cyane mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi nk'umuti wica udukoko n'umuti uterwa mu gihe cyo kubaga kugira ngo abaganga bakore ibikorwa byo kubaga. Mu gutera spray, umuti ushobora gukwirakwizwa ku buryo bungana mu gace kagomba kuvurwa, ari nabyo byateje imbere cyane imikorere y'ubuvuzi kandi bikagira uruhare mu gukurura no kunoza ibikoresho byo gutera spray.

Hagati aho, ikirahure cyagaragaye nk'igikoresho cya mbere cyo gukora amacupa yo gusukura. Ikirahure gifite ubushobozi bwo kudakoresha imiti kandi nticyoroshye gukorana n'ibirimo, bigatuma amazi aba meza kandi afite umutekano. Muri icyo gihe kandi, uburyo ikirahure cyabonaga neza byatumye bishoboka kubona neza uko amazi yari ameze mu icupa, ibyo bikaba byarafashije gukurikirana ingano y'amazi, bituma kiba ibikoresho byiza byo gusukura icyo gihe.

2. Ishusho y'icupa rya spray ry'ikirahure

Amacupa yo mu kirahure yo hambere yageze ku musaruro wayo wo gutera cyane cyane binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutanga umuvuduko w'umwuka mu ntoki. Aya macupa yo gutera umuti yatangiye gukoreshwa mu bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, cyane cyane mu nganda zitanga imibavu. Kubera ko gukoresha intoki byatumye habaho kugenzura neza uburyo bwo gutera umuti, aya macupa yabaye ingenzi cyane mu bikoresho by'akataraboneka nk'impumuro nziza.

Mu 1907Vernon Louis Arnold yavumbuye uburyo bwo gupfundikira amacupa y'imibavu hakoreshejwe intoki, bwari bugamije gukora amavuta meza y'imibavu hakoreshejwe pompe y'intoki, ibyo bikaba byaranogeye gusa ubunararibonye bwo gukoresha icupa, ahubwo byanakomeje icyerekezo cyo gukoresha impumuro nziza no kwiyumvamo imigenzo yo kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo kuyipfundikira. Ubuvumbuzi bwa Arnold bwabaye ishingiro n'urugero rwa kera rw'igishushanyo mbonera cy'amacupa y'imibavu ku gisekuru gikurikiyeho, kandi bwagaragaje intambwe ya mbere y'amacupa y'imibavu. Ubuvumbuzi bwa Arnold bwabaye ishingiro n'urugero rwa kera rw'igishushanyo mbonera cy'amacupa y'imibavu nyuma, bigaragaza intambwe ya mbere y'icupa ry'imibavu.

▶ Iterambere ry'amacupa yo gusukura mu kinyejana cya 20

1. Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha amacupa yo kunyweraho

Mu kinyejana cya 20, ikoranabuhanga ry’amacupa yo gusukura ryagize iterambere ryihuse, cyane cyane mu myaka ya 1940, ubwo hatangizwaga ikoranabuhanga rya aerosol, ahantu ho gukoresha amacupa yo gusukura ryariyongereye cyane. Ikoranabuhanga rya aerosol ryemerera ibinyobwa kuvanga n’agakoresho gasukura mu gikoresho gishyushye, kandi ukanze buto, amazi ashobora guhindurwamo igihu cyiza, kimwe cyo gusukura. Iri koranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu bice nka sabuni n’imiti yica udukoko, hanyuma rigera mu nganda z’ubwiza. Bitewe n’uko ibikoresho by’ikirahure byari bifite ubuziranenge buhamye, imiti myinshi yo gusukura aerosol yakozwe hifashishijwe uruvange rw’iminwa y’ibirahure n’ibyuma, byatumye umutekano w’ibirimo urushaho kwiyongera kandi bikongera imiterere y’agapaki.

Muri icyo gihe, icyifuzo cy'amacupa yo kwisiga mu nganda zikora imibavu kirimo kwiyongera. Amacupa yo kwisiga mu kirahuri arimo kuba amahitamo akomeye yo gupakira imibavu bitewe n'imiterere yayo yoroshye kandi igezweho. Ibigo by'impumuro bitanga uburambe bwiza kandi bworoshye bwo kuyikoresha binyuze mu macupa yo kwisiga, bitera impumuro nziza ya atome kugira ngo bishimishe abaguzi. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere iboneye cyangwa irangi ry'icupa ry'ikirahure ituma abaguzi bumva neza imiterere myiza y'icyo gicuruzwa.

2. Amacupa yo gusudira ikirahure ahuza ubuhanga n'imikorere

Hamwe n'iterambere ry'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubukorikorimu kinyejana cya 20, amacupa yo gusukura ikirahure yakomeje gutera imbere atari mu mikorere gusa,. Ubuhanzi bwayo bwarushijeho kunozwa cyane. Abashushanya batangiye gushakisha icupa ryo gusukura nk'uburyo bwo kugaragaza ubuhanzi, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'imibavu n'ubwiza, bareba ubuhanzi bw'ibirahure atari nk'igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro cyo kugaragaza gusa, ahubwo no nk'ubukorikori.

Uruvange rw'ubuhanzi bugezweho n'ubuhanga mu by'ibirahure bituma icupa ripfundikira rihinduka ikintu kigaragaza uburyohe n'icyubahiro by'umuntu ku giti cye. Urugero, amacupa menshi y'imibavu agenewe gushyiramo imiterere, amabara, n'imitako yihariye abashushanya bashaka kugaragaza, bigatuma aya macupa adakora neza gusa, ahubwo anashyira ubwiza mu buryo bugezweho. Uburyo ikirahure kidahinduka, gisobanutse neza kandi cyiza kandi giteye neza biha abashushanya umwanya utagira uko ungana wo guhanga udushya kandi byongera cyane ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byabo ku isoko.

Uku kuvanga ubuhanzi n'imikorere bituma icupa ry'ikirahure ritagomba kuba igikoresho cyo gupakira gusa; buhoro buhoro rigenda riba ingenzi mu muco w'ikirango n'imibereho y'abaguzi.

▶ Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga mu macupa yo gusukura ikirahure ya none

1. Ni ngombwa kurengera ibidukikije n'iterambere rirambye

Kubera impungenge zikomeje kwiyongera ku isi ku bijyanye n’ihumana rya pulasitiki, igitekerezo cyo kurengera ibidukikije cyagiye gikwirakwira buhoro buhoro mu nganda zitandukanye, kandi amacupa apfukirana mu kirahuri yongeye kwitabwaho cyane nk'igisubizo cyo gupfunyika gishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Nubwo ikoreshwa ry'amacupa ya pulasitiki ryakwirakwiriye hose, kutayangiza bigira umutwaro ukomeye ku bidukikije. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, ikirahuri ntigikoresha imiti gusa, ahubwo gishobora no kongera gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi, bigagabanya kwangirika kw'ibidukikije. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amasosiyete menshi arimo guhitamo gukoresha amacupa apfukirana mu kirahuri nk'uburyo bwo kurengera ibidukikije ku bicuruzwa byayo, mu rwego rwo gusubiza icyifuzo cy'iterambere rirambye ku isi.

Kwamamaza amacupa yo gusukura ikirahure byongerewemo imbaraga byagize uruhare muri iki gikorwa. Mu kuyashushanya kugira ngo byoroshye kuyasesa no kuyasuzuma neza, abaguzi bashobora gukoresha icupa rimwe inshuro nyinshi, bigabanye imyanda y'ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha. Iyi miterere yo gusukura ikundwa cyane cyane mu kwita ku ruhu, impumuro nziza no gusukura, kandi ntirinda ibidukikije gusa, ahubwo inaha abaguzi amahitamo meza kandi ahendutse.

2. Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti

Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gutera imiti rimaze gutera imbere cyane, cyane cyane mu iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti neza. Amacupa agezweho yo gutera imiti mu kirahure atanga uburyo bwo gutera imiti neza kandi bungana kurusha amacupa ya mbere yo gutera imiti. Uburyo bwo gutera imiti neza ntibutuma gusa icupa ritera imiti rigenzura ingano y’amazi aterwa umuti icyarimwe, ahubwo rinatuma amazi aterwa umuti aba meza kandi meza, ibyo bigatuma umusaruro urushaho kuba mwiza.

Ikoreshwa ry'iri koranabuhanga riva ku bikoresho by'ubwiza bya buri munsi kugeza ku rwego rworoshye rw'ubuvuzi. Urugero, imiti imwe n'imwe isaba ingano nyayo ya spray kugira ngo yinjire mu nzira y'ubuhumekero, kandi ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo mu macupa yo mu kirahuri rishobora kuzuza iki gipimo gikomeye cyo kugenzura ingano. Muri icyo gihe, ibikoresho byo kwita ku ruhu n'ibyo kwita ku buzima bwa buri munsi nabyo bikoresha iri koranabuhanga kugira ngo bitange ikoreshwa neza, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bigaragara neza.

Muri make, amacupa akoreshwa mu gupfuka ibirahure agezweho ntabwo agira uruhare runini mu kurengera ibidukikije gusa, ahubwo anatanga n'ubuhanga mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo asimbure ibyo gukoresha ubunararibonye, ​​byahindutse amahitamo y'ingenzi mu gupfunyika mu nganda nyinshi.

▶ Ikoreshwa ry'amacupa yo kwisiga ikirahure n'ibimenyetso by'umuco ku isoko

1. Ikimenyetso cy'isoko ry'agaciro gakomeye

Amacupa yo gusukura ikirahure afite agaciro gakomeye ku isoko rigezweho, cyane cyane mu nganda zikora imibavu n'ubwiza, aho ibikoresho byiza, imiterere myiza n'ubukorikori bwihariye bw'amacupa yo gusukura ikirahure bishyirwa mu myanya itandukanye y'ikirango.

Isoko ry'impumuro nziza cyane cyane ryibanda ku miterere rusange y'ibicuruzwa ndetse n'uburyo bigaragarira amaso n'uburyo bifatwa. Iyo abaguzi baguze imibavu, ntibishyura impumuro gusa, ahubwo biteze no kumva agaciro k'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye binyuze mu gupfunyika imibavu ya buri kirango. Imiterere myiza n'ubuhanga bw'amacupa yo gusukura ikirahure ntibituma imibavu isa neza gusa, ahubwo binatuma ibyishimo byo kuyikoresha birushaho kwiyongera, bigatuma aya macupa y'ikirahure ubwayo agira agaciro runaka.

2. Imikoranire hagati y'ikirango n'abaguzi

Si nk'igikoresho cyo gushyiramo ibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo no nk'ikimenyetso cy'ishusho y'ikirango n'uburyohe bw'abaguzi, amacupa yo kwisiga mu kirahuri yemerera ibigo byinshi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru gushyiraho isano yimbitse n'abaguzi binyuze mu miterere y'amacupa yo kwisiga mu buryo bwihariye kandi bufite aho bugarukira. Gushyiramo ibintu bidasanzwe cyangwa uruhare rw'abahanzi bazwi mu miterere y'ibicuruzwa ni yo mpamvu ibi bicuruzwa bifite ikibazo cyo kubura umwihariko udasanzwe ku isoko, bityo byongera inyungu y'ikirango mu guhangana.

Binyuze mu macupa meza yo gusukura ibirahure, ibirango ntibigaragaza gusa urwego rwabyo rw'igishushanyo n'umuco, ahubwo bishobora no kugaragaza uburyohe bw'abaguzi. Igishushanyo cyihariye gishobora guhaza ibyifuzo byihariye by'amatsinda atandukanye no kongera imiterere y'abaguzi. Guha abakoresha igishushanyo cyihariye cyangwa igishushanyo cyihariye cy'amacupa, kugira ngo buri gicuruzwa kibe igikorwa cyihariye cy'ubuhanzi ku mukoresha. Uku gusabana kwemerera abaguzi kumva amarangamutima menshi no kuba indahemuka ku kirango mu gihe cyo gukoresha.

Muri make, amacupa yo kwisiga mu kirahuri ntabwo agaragaza gusa imikorere n'ubuhanga bwayo mu bikorwa byo ku isoko, ahubwo anakora nk'inyongera ku muco w'ikirango, agaragaza ikimenyetso cy'ubwiza bwo hejuru n'uburyohe bw'abaguzi ku isoko ry'ibintu by'akataraboneka.

▶ Ingendo n'icyerekezo by'ejo hazaza

1. Udushya mu bikoresho

Bitewe n’uko ubumenyi ku kurengera ibidukikije bukomeje kwiyongera, iterambere ry’amacupa yo gusukura ibirahure mu gihe kizaza rizibanda cyane ku kurengera ibidukikije no ku bidukikije. Nubwo ikirahure ubwacyo ari ibikoresho bitagira ingaruka ku bidukikije, guhuza ibikoresho bishya bizarushaho kunoza imikorere yacyo. Suzuma ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bishya bishobora kubora hamwe n’ibirahure, cyangwa ukore ibikoresho byoroheje, biramba kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu birahure bikurikiza ikoreshwa ry’umutungo kamere n’ibipimo bya karuboni kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyo abaguzi ba microchat bakeneye ku bicuruzwa birambye bakeneye.

Muri make, ahazaza h'amacupa akoresha ikirahure hazaba hasukuye ibidukikije, heza kandi hakosowe. Ntabwo ari uburyo bushya bwo gupakira ibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo ni n'uburyo bwo kubaho bwa Chengwei Wang, na Donghai Hu kugira ngo ayobore icyerekezo gishya cy'isoko ry'ejo hazaza.

▶ Umwanzuro

Iterambere ry'icupa rya spray y'ikirahure rigaragaza udushya duhoraho mu ikoranabuhanga no mu miterere. Kuva ryakoreshejwe mu buryo bworoshye mu buvuzi kugeza ku buryo butandukanye bwo gukoresha mu nzego nka parufe, amavuta yo kwisiga n'ibikoresho byo gusukura, icupa rya spray y'ikirahure ryabaye amahitamo y'ingenzi yo gupfunyika mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

Dutegereje ahazaza, impungenge ku isi yose ku kurengera ibidukikije, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ibikoresho ndetse no kwiyongera kw’impinduka mu buryo bw’ubwenge, amacupa apfukirana ibirahure azakomeza kugira umwanya ukomeye mu bijyanye no gupfunyika. Haba mu bijyanye n’imikorere, imiterere y’imiterere, cyangwa inshingano ku bidukikije, amacupa apfukirana ibirahure azakomeza gutera imbere kandi akomeze kuyobora isoko ry’ejo hazaza ndetse n’impinduka ku baguzi.