Mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi n'ubushakashatsi bwa none, uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije bwabaye ingingo y'ingenzi idashobora kwirengagizwa. Kubera ko amategeko agenga ibidukikije agenda akara kandi isi yose ikaba yibanda ku kubungabunga ibidukikije, inganda zirimo gushaka uburyo bwo kugabanya imyanda y'umutungo kamere n'ihumana ry'ibidukikije.

Uducupa twa scintillation, nk'ikintu gikoreshwa cyane muri laboratwari, ahanini dukoreshwa mu kubika ingero za radiation no gusesengura umubare w'amazi ya scintillation.Utu ducupa dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya scintillation akenshi tuba dukozwe mu kirahure cyangwa muri pulasitiki kandi akenshi dukoreshwa rimwe. Ariko, ubu buryo butera imyanda myinshi yo muri laboratwari ndetse bukongera ikiguzi cyo gukora.

Kubwibyo, byabaye ingenzi cyane gusuzuma uburyo bwo gukoresha uducupa twongera gukoreshwa.

Ibibazo ku macupa gakondo yo gukaraba

Nubwo ubushakashatsi ku ducupa twa scintillation bugira uruhare runini mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari, uburyo bwazo bwo gukoreshwa rimwe gusa butera ibibazo byinshi ku bidukikije n'umutungo. Izi ni zo mbogamizi zikomeye zijyanye no gukoresha uducupa twa scintillation gakondo:

1. Ingaruka ku bidukikije zo gukoreshwa rimwe gusa

• Kwirundanya kw'imyandaLaboratwari zikoresha uducupa twinshi twa scintillation buri munsi mu bice birimo ingero za radiation, isesengura ry’imiti cyangwa ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima, kandi utu ducupa akenshi tujugunywa nyuma yo gukoreshwa, bigatuma imyanda ya laboratwari yiyongera vuba.
• Ikibazo cy'ubwandu: Kubera ko uducupa twa scintillation dushobora kuba turimo ibintu birimo imirasire, imiti igabanya ubukana cyangwa ingero z’ibinyabuzima, ibihugu byinshi bisaba ko utu ducupa twajugunywe dushyirwa mu buryo bwihariye bwo kujugunya imyanda iteje akaga.

2. Imikoreshereze y'umutungo w'ibirahure na pulasitiki

• Igiciro cy'ikoreshwa ry'uducupa tw'ibirahuri bishyushya: ikirahure ni ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nyinshi, uburyo bwo kugikora busaba gushonga cyane kandi bugatwara ingufu nyinshi. Byongeye kandi, uburemere bwinshi bw’ikirahure byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu.
• Igiciro cy'uducupa twa pulasitiki dukoreshwa mu kurengera ibidukikije: Laboratwari nyinshi zikoresha uducupa twa scintillation dukozwe muri pulasitiki, dushingiye ku musaruro wa peteroli mu gukora, ndetse na pulasitiki ifite uruziga rurerure cyane rwo kubora, ibyo bikaba birushaho kuremerera ibidukikije.

3. Imbogamizi zo kujugunya no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho

• Ingorane mu gutondekanya no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho: Uducupa twa scintillation twakoreshejwe akenshi tuba dufite imirasire cyangwa imiti ituma bigorana kongera gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe uburyo buvanze bwo kongera gukoresha.
• Ibiciro byo Kujugunya Ibintu Bikomeye: Bitewe n'umutekano n'ibisabwa mu kubahiriza amategeko, laboratwari nyinshi zigomba kuza ku kigo cyihariye cyo kujugunya imyanda iteje akaga kugira ngo zijugunye ayo macupa yajugunywe, ibyo bikaba byongera ikiguzi cy'imikorere gusa ahubwo binashyira umutwaro ku bidukikije.

Uburyo bwo gukoresha uducupa dusanzwe tw’ubushyuhe bukoreshwa rimwe gusa bushyira igitutu ku bidukikije n’umutungo mu buryo bwinshi. Kubwibyo, gushakisha ubundi buryo bushobora kongera gukoreshwa ni ingenzi mu kugabanya imyanda yo muri laboratwari, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’umutungo no kunoza ibidukikije.

Gushaka Amacupa yo Gukoresha Udupira two Gukaraba Indabyo

Mu rwego rwo kugabanya imyanda yo muri laboratwari, kunoza ikoreshwa ry’umutungo, no kugabanya ikiguzi cy’imikorere, umuryango w’abahanga mu bya siyansi urimo gusuzuma cyane uburyo bwo gukoresha uducupa two gukaraba. Ubu bushakashatsi bwibanda ku guhanga udushya mu bikoresho, uburyo bwo gusukura no gukaraba, hamwe no kunoza uburyo bwo gukora laboratwari.

1. Udushya mu bikoresho

Gukoresha iki gikoresho kiramba ni ingenzi mu gutuma uducupa dukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gukaraba (scintillation).

• Ikirahure kiramba cyane cyangwa plastiki ikomeye cyane: Uducupa tw’ibirahure dusanzwe two gukaraba dusanzwe tworoshye, kandi uducupa tw’ibirahure dusanzwe two gukaraba dushobora kwangirika bitewe n’ibiyobyabwenge. Kubwibyo, iterambere ry’ibikoresho byinshi birwanya ingaruka n’imiti, nk’ibirahure bya borosilicate cyangwa plastiki byakozwe mu buryo bwa ikoranabuhanga, rishobora kunoza ubuzima bw’amacupa y’ibirahure.
• Ibikoresho bishobora kwihanganira gukaraba kenshi no gusukurwa burundu: Ibikoresho bigomba kuba birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, aside ikomeye na alkali, no gusaza kugira ngo bikomeze kuba bihamye mu mubiri no mu bya shimi nyuma yo gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi. Gukoresha ibikoresho bishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko cyangwa gusukura cyane oxidative bishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

2. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura no gukaraba

Kugira ngo habeho umutekano w'uducupa twongera gukoreshwa kandi amakuru y'igerageza abe yizewe, hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwiza bwo gusukura no gukaraba.

• Gukoresha sisitemu zo gusukura zikoresha ikoranabuhangaLaboratwari zishobora gushyiraho uducupa twihariye two gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, hamwe no gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, gusukura amazi mu bushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa gusukura imiti kugira ngo haveho ibisigazwa by’icyitegererezo.
• Gusukura imitiUrugero: gukoresha aside-base solutions, oxidizing agents cyangwa enzymes solutions, birakwiriye mu gushonga ibintu bikomoka ku bimera cyangwa gukuraho imyanda ikomeye, ariko hashobora kubaho ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibisigazwa by'imiti.
• Isuku y'umubiri: urugero nko gukoresha ultrasound, autoclave sterilization, bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire kandi bikaba bitangiza ibidukikije, bikwiranye n'ahantu ho muri laboratwari hakenewe umwanda mwinshi.
• Ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura ridafite ibisigazwa: ku bipimo bya radiyo cyangwa igerageza ryimbitse, ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukuraho ubwandu (urugero, gusukura plasma, kwangirika kwa photocatalytic) bushobora kongera umutekano wo kongera gukoresha amacupa.

3. Kunoza imikorere ya laboratwari

Uducupa dushobora kongera gukoreshwa gusa ntabwo bihagije kugira ngo tugere ku ntego zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, kandi laboratwari zigomba kunoza uburyo bwo gukoresha kugira ngo zishobore kongera gukoreshwa.

• Shyiraho uburyo busanzwe bwo kongera gukoresha no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho: Gutegura inzira yo ku rwego rwa laboratwari yo gucunga uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha, gutunganya, gusukura no kongera gukoresha amacupa kugira ngo habeho ko ikoreshwa rikomeye ryujuje ibisabwa mu igerageza.
• Kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amakuru no gukumira no kugenzura kwanduzanya kw'amakuru: Laboratwari zigomba gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zo kwanduzanya uducupa ku makuru y’igerageza, nko gukoresha kode cyangwa RFID mu gucunga gukurikirana.
• Isesengura ry'ubushobozi bw'ubukungu: Suzuma ishoramari rya mbere (urugero, kugura ibikoresho, ikiguzi cyo gusukura) n'inyungu z'igihe kirekire (urugero, ikiguzi cyo kugura, ikiguzi cyo kugabanya imyanda) bya gahunda y'amacupa ashobora kongera gukoreshwa kugira ngo harebwe ko afite akamaro mu bukungu.

Binyuze mu guhanga udushya mu bikoresho, kunoza uburyo bwo gusukura no gukaraba, hamwe no gucunga neza laboratwari, ibisubizo by'uducupa two gukaraba bishobora kongera gukoreshwa bigira akamaro mu kugabanya imyanda yo muri laboratwari, kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije, no kunoza uburyo laboratwari ikomeza kubaho. Ubu bushakashatsi buzatanga inkunga ikomeye mu kubaka laboratwari zitagira ingaruka ku bidukikije mu gihe kizaza.

Imyitozo Igenda Itera Imbere

1. Isesengura ry'inyungu ku bidukikije n'ubukungu

• Inyungu ku bidukikije: Kugabanya ikoreshwa rya plastiki n'ibirahuri bikoreshwa rimwe, bigabanya ubwinshi bw'ibintu bikoreshwa muri laboratwari. Kugabanya ikiguzi cyo guta imyanda no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku byobo byo gutwika imyanda. Kugabanya ikorwa ry'imyanda ihumanya (urugero: imyanda ihumanya cyangwa ihumanya) no kwiyongera kwubahiriza ibidukikije muri laboratwari.
• Inyungu mu bukunguNubwo hashowe ishoramari ryimbitse mu bikoresho byo gusukura no mu micungire myiza, ikiguzi cyo kugura ibikoresho byo muri laboratwari gishobora kugabanukaho 40-60% mu gihe kirekire. Kugabanya ikiguzi cyo guta imyanda, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe imyanda ihumanya ikirere. Kunoza imikorere no kugabanya igihe cyo kugerageza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga laboratwari.
• ISO14001 (Sisitemu yo gucunga ibidukikije): Laboratwari nyinshi ziri kugenda zikurikiza amahame ya ISO14001, ashishikariza kugabanya imyanda yo muri laboratwari no kunoza ikoreshwa ry'umutungo. Gahunda y'uducupa dushobora kongera gukoreshwa yujuje ibisabwa muri iki gice cy'imicungire.
• GMP (Uburyo Bwiza bwo Gukora) na GLP (Uburyo Bwiza bwo Muri Laboratwari): Mu nganda zikora imiti no muri laboratwari z'ubushakashatsi, kongera gukoresha ibikoreshwa bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa mu isuku no kwemeza. Uducupa dushobora kongera gukoreshwa twujuje ibi bisabwa mu gucunga ubuziranenge binyuze mu nzira zo gusukura no gukaraba mu buryo bwa siyansi, ndetse no mu buryo bwo gukurikirana amakuru.
• Amabwiriza y'Igihugu yo Gucunga Imyanda Ishobora Guteza AkagaIbihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko akaze yo muri laboratwari, nka RCRA (Reservation and Recovery Act) muri Amerika n'amabwiriza y'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi agenga imyanda (Waste Framework Directive) (2008/98/EC), ashishikariza kugabanya imyanda ihumanya ikirere, kandi gahunda yo gukoresha utu ducupa twongera gukoreshwa ijyanye n'iyi gahunda.

Gahunda y’udupira twongera gukoreshwa yagize ingaruka nziza ku kurengera ibidukikije, ku kugabanya ikiguzi cy’umutungo, no kunoza imikorere ya laboratwari. Byongeye kandi, gushyigikira amahame n’amabwiriza agenga inganda bitanga icyerekezo n’uburinzi mu iterambere ry’igerageza rirambye. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe no kunoza ikoranabuhanga no kongera umubare w’udupira two mu bwoko bwa laboratwari, iyi gahunda yitezweho kuba ikintu gishya gisanzwe mu nganda za laboratwari.

Ibyiringiro n'imbogamizi by'ejo hazaza

Gahunda y’uducupa twongera gukoreshwa byitezwe ko izakoreshwa cyane mu gihe igitekerezo cyo gukomeza ibikorwa bya laboratwari gitera imbere. Ariko, haracyari imbogamizi mu bya tekiniki, umuco n’amategeko mu gushyira mu bikorwa. Amabwiriza y’ejo hazaza azibanda ku guhanga udushya mu bikoresho, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura no gukora imashini, ndetse no kunoza imicungire ya laboratwari n’amahame ngenderwaho mu nganda.

1. Amabwiriza yo kunoza ikoranabuhanga

Kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo gukoresha uducupa dushobora kongera gukoreshwa, ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu gihe kizaza bizibanda ku ngingo zikurikira:

• Kuvugurura ibikoresho: Tegura ikirahure cyangwa plastiki ikora neza kurushaho, nk'ikirahure gikomeye cyane cya silicate, PFA ishyuha cyane kandi idakoresha imiti (fluoroplastic), n'ibindi, kugira ngo wongere ubuzima bw'amacupa bushobora kongera gukoreshwa.
• Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura no gukaraba neza: Mu gihe kizaza, ibikoresho byo gusiga nano-coating bishobora gukoreshwa mu gutuma urukuta rw'imbere rw'uducupa rurushaho kuba urudaca amazi cyangwa urudaca oleophobic kugira ngo bigabanye ibisigazwa by'umwanda. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga rishya nko gusukura plasma, kwangirika kwa photocatalytic, no gusukura amazi menshi bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusukura laboratwari.
• Sisitemu zo gusukura no gukurikirana zikoresha ikoranabuhangaLaboratwari z'ejo hazaza zishobora gukoresha uburyo bw'ubuhanga bwo gucunga, nka sisitemu zo gusukura za roboti, imiyoboro yo gusukura ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga, no gushyiramo uburyo bwo gukurikirana RFID cyangwa QR code kugira ngo buri kapu ikoreshwe, isukurwa, no kugenzura ubuziranenge byayo bigenzurwe mu gihe nyacyo.

2. Imiterere y'imibanire ya laboratwari n'ibibazo byo kwakira

Nubwo iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryatumye ibisubizo by'uducupa twongera gukoreshwa bishoboka, impinduka mu muco wo muri laboratwari n'uburyo bwo gukoresha biracyari imbogamizi:

• Guhindura imiterere y'abakozi ba laboratwari: Abakozi ba laboratwari bashobora guhitamo gukoresha ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gihe runaka kandi bafite impungenge ko kongera gukoresha uducupa tw'ikirahure bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bisubizo by'igerageza cyangwa kongera akazi. Hazakenerwa amahugurwa n'amabwiriza agenga imikorere mu gihe kizaza kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kwakira neza.
• Kwizerwa kw'amakuru n'ibibazo byo kwanduzanya amakuru: Abakozi ba laboratwari bashobora kuba bafite impungenge ko uducupa twa scintillation twongeye gukoreshwa dushobora gutuma ingero zanduzwa cyangwa bigatuma amakuru ahinduka. Kubwibyo, hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo gusukura, gukaraba no kwemeza neza kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ubuziranenge bungana n’ubw’uducupa twa scintillation two gukoreshwa.
• Ibiciro n'inyungu ku ishoramari: Laboratwari nyinshi zishobora kuba zihangayikishijwe n’ikiguzi kinini cy’ishoramari ry’ibanze, bityo zikaba zigomba gutanga raporo y’ubushobozi bw’ubukungu igaragaza ibyiza byo kuzigama amafaranga mu gihe kirekire kugira ngo ubuyobozi bwa laboratwari bwongere kwemerwa.

3. Kongera kunoza amahame ngenderwaho n'umutekano

Kugeza ubu, imicungire isanzwe y’ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa muri laboratwari iracyari mu ntangiriro, kandi amabwiriza y’ejo hazaza n’amahame ngenderwaho mu nganda bizatezwa imbere mu rwego rwo kunoza no gushimangira:
Gushyiraho amahame y’ubuziranenge ku ducupa twongera gukoreshwa: Hakenewe gushyirwaho amahame mpuzamahanga cyangwa ay’inganda kugira ngo habeho umutekano wo kongera gukoreshwa.

• Ibisabwa mu iyubahirizwa rya laboratwari n'amabwiriza: Mu nganda zifite ibisabwa ku mutekano mwinshi, nko mu by’imiti, mu gupima ibiribwa, no mu igerageza rya radiyo, inzego zishinzwe kugenzura zishobora gukenera gusobanura neza urwego rw’ikoreshwa, ibisabwa mu isuku, no kubahiriza ibisabwa ku macupa ashobora kongera gukoreshwa.
• Gushishikariza abantu gutanga icyemezo cya laboratwari y’icyatsi kibisi: Mu gihe kizaza, za leta cyangwa imiryango y’inganda ishobora gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwemeza laboratwari ishingiye ku bidukikije kugira ngo ishishikarize abantu gukoresha ibisubizo bya laboratwari bibungabunga ibidukikije, harimo kugabanya ikoreshwa rimwe rya pulasitiki, kunoza imicungire y’imyanda, no kongera igipimo cy’ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Umwanzuro

Mu iterambere aho ubusugire bw’ibipimo bya laboratwari bukomeje kwiyongera, ibisubizo bya scintillation vial bishobora kongera gukoreshwa byagaragaye ko bishoboka mu rwego rwa tekiniki kandi bitanga inyungu zikomeye ku bidukikije, ubukungu n’imikorere ya laboratwari.

Kubungabunga ibidukikije muri laboratwari si ukugabanya imyanda gusa, ahubwo ni no kuzirikana inshingano n'inyungu z'igihe kirekire.

Mu gihe kizaza, uducupa twongera gukoreshwa twitezweho kuba amahitamo akomeye mu nganda za laboratwari mu gihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere kandi amahame y’inganda akanonosorwa. Mu gushyiraho ingamba zo gucunga neza ibidukikije no gutanga serivisi nziza, laboratwari ntizizagabanya gusa ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije, ahubwo zizanoza imikorere no gutuma ubushakashatsi n’inganda birushaho kuba byiza.