Intangiriro

Kubera ko ihumana ry’ibidukikije rikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye, isuzuma ry’ubuziranenge bw’amazi ryabaye igice cy’ingenzi mu kurengera ibidukikije, kurengera ubuzima rusange no kugenzura inganda. Byaba ari ugupima amazi yo kunywa, kugenzura amazi yanduye yo mu nganda, cyangwa gusuzuma ibidukikije by’imigezi n’ibiyaga, amakuru nyayo yerekeye isesengura ry’ubuziranenge bw’amazi ni yo shingiro ryo gufata ibyemezo bya siyansi no gucunga iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.

Nk'intambwe ya mbere mu igeragezwa ry'ubuziranenge bw'amazi, ukuri kw'itoranywa ry'ibipimo bifitanye isano itaziguye n'icyizere cy'igeragezwa ryose.Uducupa twa EPA two gupima amazi, kuko uducupa two gutwaramo ingero, nubwo ari duto kandi dufite isura yoroshye, ni ingenzi kugira ngo ingero zidahumanye, zidakora, kandi zibikwe neza.Iyo guhitamo bidakwiye, ntibizatuma amakuru y’ibizamini ahindagurika gusa, ndetse bishobora no gutuma habaho isuzuma risubirwamo, bigatinza iterambere ry’akazi ndetse bikongera ikiguzi.

Ibisobanuro n'ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'uducupa twa EPA two gusesengura amazi

Uducupa twa EPA two gusesengura amazi ni ibikoresho byihariye byo gufatiramo ingero byujuje ibisabwa na EPA byo gufatiramo ingero no gusesengura, kandi ahanini bikoreshwa mu gukusanya no kubika ingero z'amazi kugira ngo zizakoreshwe mu isuzuma rya laboratwari. Uducupa twakozwe hakurikijwe ibintu bitandukanye byo gupima, ibisabwa mu kubungabunga, n'imiterere y'ibikoresho kugira ngo bigabanye ubwandu, kwangirika, cyangwa impinduka mu miterere y'ibice mu gihe cyo gutwara no kubika, no kwemeza ko ibisubizo by'isesengura ari ukuri kandi bikongera kugaragara.

Dukurikije ibikoresho n'imikorere itandukanye, uducupa two gusesengura amazi twa EPA tugabanyijemo ibice bikurikira:

1. Uducupa tw'ikirahure

• Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa mu gukusanya imyanda ikomoka ku bimera kuko idakora neza, ntiyoroshya kwinjirira ibintu byibasiwe, kandi ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi. Akenshi ifite imipfundikizo ya vis na gasket za PTFE/silicone kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo gufunga no kurinda imiti.

2. Amacupa ya polyethylene

• Harimo polyethylene ifite ubucucike bwinshi n'ibikoresho bya polyethylene bifite ubucucike buke, ikoreshwa cyane mu gupima urwego rutanu rw'ibintu byanduye nka iyoni z'icyuma, umunyu w'intungamubiri, anioni na cations. Aya macupa ntagondwa kandi yoroshye, bigatuma aba akwiriye kwimurwa no gukoreshwa ahantu hanini.

3. Amacupa y'umuhondo

• Ifite imikorere myiza yo gutwikira ikirere kandi ikoreshwa by'umwihariko mu gusesengura ibintu bishobora kwangiza urumuri, bishobora gukumira ingaruka cyangwa kubora kw'ibinyabutabire biterwa n'imirasire ya UV.

4. Amacupa ya Teflon

• Ikwiriye gusesengura neza cyane, nko gukusanya ibyuma biremereye cyangwa ingero zangiza cyane. PTFE ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya no kudakora neza kw'ibinyabutabire, kandi ntishobora gukorana n'ibintu hafi ya byose, ariko irahenze cyane.

Buri gikoresho cyo gupima amazi cya EPA gifite aho gishyirwa mu bikorwa, amahitamo agomba gushingira ku miterere y'ibikoresho byo gupima, imiterere y'umubiri n'imiti by'ikintu gikoreshwa, ndetse no kugitunganya mbere y'uko gikoreshwa kugira ngo gihuze n'ubwoko bw'icupa rikwiye n'imiterere yacyo mbere y'uko gikoreshwa. Iyo agakoresho kadatoranijwe neza, gashobora kubangamira amakuru y'isuzuma, cyangwa bigatuma imyanda y'icyitegererezo cyangwa ndetse bigasaba kongera gukusanywa, bigagira ingaruka ku mikorere y'umushinga wose.

Ibintu by'ingenzi mu guhitamo uducupa two gusesengura amazi twa EPA

Mu gupima ubuziranenge bw'amazi, guhitamo uducupa dukwiye two gupima amazi twa EPA ni ingenzi kugira ngo haboneke ibisubizo nyabyo.

1. Ubwoko bw'ikintu cy'igerageza

Ibintu bitandukanye byo gupima bihuye n'ibisabwa bitandukanye byo gupima, bityo intambwe ya mbere mu guhitamo uducupa two gupima amazi twa EPA ni ukugena ibintu byo gupima:

• Gupima imyuka ihumanya ikirere: nk'ibintu bihinduka nk'ibinyabuzima, ibintu bihinduka nk'ibinyabuzima, n'ibindi, bigomba gukoresha amacupa y'ikirahure. Ibikoresho by'ikirahure birinda ko ibice by'ibinyabuzima byinjira cyangwa bigahinduka, kandi akenshi biba ngombwa kongeramo aside mbere yo kugabanya imikorere ya mikorobe no gukumira kwangirika kw'ikintu gikorerwaho ubushakashatsi.
• Gupima ibyuma bikomeye: nka lead, mercure, cadmium n'ibindi bintu by'icyuma gito, bigomba gukoresha amacupa ya polyethylene afite ubucucike bwinshi, kubera ko nta kintu na kimwe gihungabanya inyuma y'icyuma, ntabwo byoroshye kwinjiza iyoni z'icyuma, kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo kugumana ubuziranenge.
• Gupima mikorobe: nka bagiteri za coliform, umubare w’amakoloni yose, nibindi, bagomba gukoresha amacupa ya pulasitiki yanduye, akenshi PET cyangwa polypropylene, kugira ngo barebe ko ingero zitanduye mbere yo kuzitwara.

2. Guhitamo ibikoresho

Imiterere y'ibikoresho bitandukanye ifite imiterere yabyo kandi igira ingaruka ku makuru y'ibizamini mu buryo butandukanye:

• Amacupa y'ikirahure: Irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ntigira imiti, ntiyoroshye kuyikoresha mu bintu by’umwimerere, yahujwe no gusesengura umwimerere. Ariko, uburemere ni bunini, bworoshye kumena, gutwara bigomba kwitonda.
• Amacupa ya pulasitiki (polyethylene, polypropylene, n'ibindi): yoroheje, ntiyoroshye kuyimena, ikwiriye isesengura ryinshi ry’ibintu bidakomoka ku bimera. Ariko, bimwe mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki bishobora kwinjiza imyanda ikomoka ku bimera cyangwa bigasohora imyanda inyuma, ntibikwiriye isesengura ry’ibintu bidakomoka ku bimera.

3. Niba ari ngombwa gukora isuzuma mbere y'igihe

Uducupa two gusesengura amazi ya EPA akenshi tugomba kuzuzwa mbere na mbere ibintu bibungabunga cyangwa imiti kugira ngo icyitegererezo gikomeze kuba cyiza:

• Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kubungabunga ibidukikije birimo HCI, HNO₃, na NaOH.
• Gukorerwa isuzuma mbere yo kuvurwa: bishobora kugabanya impinduka, ariko bisaba kubazwa mu buryo busanzwe n'imiterere imwe n'imwe y'aho ikorewe.
• Gutegura isuzuma rya laboratwari: gukora neza kurushaho, ariko bisaba imiterere yo kubika ingero nyinshi kandi bishobora guteza impinduka mu gihe cyo gutwara.

4. Ibara ry'icupa

• Icupa ry'umukara: Ikoreshwa mu gupima ibintu bishobora kwangirika n'urumuri, nk'imiti yica udukoko, imyanda ikomoka ku bimera, nibindi. Ishobora gukumira imirasire ya ultraviolet no gutinza kwangirika kw'ingero.
• Icupa ribonerana: ikwiriye imishinga idakira urumuri, byoroshye kubona ibara ry'amazi, ubushyuhe n'indi miterere ifatika, ariko ntibyemewe mu kumenya ibintu bishobora kwanduza urumuri.

5. Guhitamo ijwi

• Bigomba gushingira ku buryo bwo gupima. Ibisabwa muri laboratwari na gahunda y'umushinga wo guhitamo ingano y'icupa. Ibipimo bisanzwe ni 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, nibindi.
• Hari imishinga isaba ko hasigara ingano runaka y'"umwanya wo mu kirere" kugira ngo hongerwemo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe cyangwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubukonje n'ubwaguke; mu gihe hari imishinga isaba ko hatagira umwanya usigara kandi icupa ryuzuzwa kugeza rishoboye.

Amahame ngenderwaho ya EPA n'ibisabwa mu mabwiriza

Mu gupima ubuziranenge bw'amazi, ibikoresho byo gupima si igice cy'ibikorwa byo kugerageza gusa, ahubwo ni n'igice cy'ingenzi cy'igenzura rikomeye ry'amabwiriza agenga amazi, EPA (Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cya Amerika) mu buryo butandukanye bwo gupima mu ducupa two gusesengura amazi kugira ngo hashyirweho ingingo zisobanutse neza ku bwoko bw'isesengura ry'amazi, ibikoresho, n'uburyo bwo kuyakoresha kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ko amakuru y'isesengura ry'ubumenyi, ukuri n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko.

1. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi bya EPA n'ibisabwa mu macupa yo gufatiraho ingero

Dore uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima EPA hamwe n'ibyo busabwa mu gupima amacupa:

• EPA 524.2 (isuzuma rya VOC): bisaba gukoresha amacupa y'ikirahure adafite umutwe ya mililitiro 40 afite gasket za PTFE/silicone, hamwe na aside hydrochloric yongewemo mu icupa nk'ikintu kirinda ubushyuhe. Icupa rigomba kuzuzwa hejuru nta byuma bihumeka cyangwa imyanda kugira ngo hirindwe ko VOCs zitavamo.
• EPA 200.8 (ICP-MS yo gupima ibintu by'icyuma): ikoreshwa ry’amacupa ya pulasitiki ya HDPE risabwa, amacupa agomba kongerwamo aside nitrike mbere yo kuyibyaza umusaruro kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyuma cyagwa.
• Uruhererekane rwa EPA 300 (isesengura rya chromatography ya ion y'ibinyamisogwe na cations): Amacupa ya polypropylene cyangwa polyethylene ashobora gukoreshwa hatabayeho kongeramo aside, amacupa agomba kuba asukuye kandi adafite ions zibangamira umubiri.
• Uruhererekane rwa EPA 1600 (isuzuma rya mikorobe): ikenera amacupa ya pulasitiki yanduye kandi akoreshwa mu gihe runaka, ubusanzwe akoreshwa mu gupima ubwoko bwose bw'udukoko, enterococci n'ibindi bimenyetso, icupa rishobora kongerwamo ingano ikwiye ya sodium thiosulfate kugira ngo rigabanye ibisigazwa bya chlorine.

Buri gipimo gifite amabwiriza akaze ku bwoko bw'icupa, ingano, ubushyuhe bwo kubika n'igihe cyo kubika, kandi kwirengagiza ayo makuru bishobora gutuma amakuru atemewe.

2. Ibisabwa muri sisitemu yo kwemeza laboratwari ku bikoresho byo gufatiraho ingero

Mu by’ukuri, laboratwari nyinshi z’abandi zisaba uburenganzira bwihariye, nka:

• NELAC (Inama y'Igihugu y'Ukwemeza Laboratwari y'Ibidukikije): isaba mu buryo bweruye ko ibikoresho byo gufatiramo ingero, uburyo bwo gufatiramo ingero, n'uburyo bwo kubibungabunga byubahirije amahame ya EPA cyangwa ay'igihugu, kandi ko hashyirwaho urutonde rwuzuye rw'ingero.
• ISO/IEC 17025 (Ibisabwa Rusange kugira ngo Laboratwari zipima kandi zigenzure ubushobozi bwazo): ishimangira uburyo bwo gukurikirana, gucunga ibikoresho byo gufatira ingero n'inyandiko z'ikoreshwa ryabyo, no gushyiraho SOPs (Inzira Zisanzwe zo Gukoresha) zo guhitamo, gusukura no kubika ibikoresho.

Laboratwari zemeye izi ruhushya zisabwa kugira uburyo buhamye bwo gucunga ingero, kandi guhitamo no gukoresha amacupa yo gufatira ingero bigomba kuba byanditswe kugira ngo bigenzurwe imbere cyangwa hanze.

3. Ingaruka zifatika ku bikorwa byo kubahiriza amategeko

Guhitamo ibinini bikwiye byo gusesengura amazi bya EPA byujuje amabwiriza yose, ntabwo ari ugukurikiza gusa ibisabwa muri laboratwari cyangwa muri gahunda, ahubwo binafitanye isano itaziguye n'ibi bikurikira:

• Kugenzura neza ko amakuru y'ibizamini ari ay'ubumenyi n'ay'amategeko: Uburyo bwo gukusanya no kubika amakuru bwemewe n'amategeko ni bwo shingiro ryo gukurikirana amakuru kugira ngo yemerwe n'inzego za leta, inkiko cyangwa sosiyete.
• Gutsinda isuzuma ry'imishinga n'igenzura ry'ubuziranenge: Cyane cyane mu bikorwa byo gusuzuma ingaruka ku bidukikije, impushya zo gusohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere, kwakira ibidukikije, nibindi, ikoreshwa ry’amacupa yo gufatiraho ingero rishobora kwirinda kugaruzwa cyangwa kongera gupimwa bitewe no kutubahiriza amategeko.
• Irinde imyanda y'icyitegererezo n'ingaruka zo kongera kuyikusanya: Iyo icyitegererezo kibonetse ko kitari cyo, kigomba kongera gukusanywa, ibyo bikaba bitinza iterambere gusa, ahubwo binatuma ikiguzi cy'abakozi, ibikoresho n'ubwikorezi byongera.

Amabwiriza yo Kwitondera mu Mikorere y'Igishushanyo mbonera

Nubwo uducupa twa EPA two gusesengura amazi twatoranijwe twujuje ibisabwa bya EPA, gukoresha nabi mu gihe cyo gupima, kubika no gutwara bishobora gutuma ingero zanduzwa, kwangirika, cyangwa amakuru agaseswa. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kwitondera buri kantu kose kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge bw'icyitegererezo n'ukuri kw'ibisubizo by'ibizamini.

1. Gusuzuma igipfundikizo cy'umupfundikizo

Gufunga uducupa tw’amazi ya EPA bifitanye isano itaziguye n’uko icyitegererezo kizahinduka, kiva, cyangwa kikagira ingaruka mu kwinjiza amazi mu gihe cyo kubikwa:

• Mbere yo gupima, umupfundikizo ugomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo harebwe niba umupfundikizo uhuye neza n'umunwa w'icupa, kandi niba hari ubwo wangiritse, wacitse cyangwa ushaje.
• Kugira ngo hamenyekane ibintu bihumanya ikirere n'ibindi bintu bishobora kwangirika cyane, ni ngombwa cyane gukoresha umupfundikizo ufunga ufite agakoresho ka PTFE/silicone gasket, ugafata neza hanyuma ugasuzuma niba nta kintu na kimwe gisohoka.
• Umupfundikizo ugomba gukazwa ako kanya nyuma yo gupimwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko byangirika igihe kirekire.

2. Uburyo bwo kwirinda kwanduzanya

Igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose kidasukuye gishobora guteza ibibazo byo mu jisho bishobora kugira ingaruka ku rugero rw'inyuma rw'icyitegererezo, cyane cyane mu gusesengura ibimenyetso cyangwa gupima mikorobe:

• Koresha uturindantoki dukoreshwa rimwe kuri buri tsinda ry'ingero hanyuma usimbuze icupa mbere yo kurikina kugira ngo wirinde kwanduzanya.
• Koresha ibikoresho byihariye byo gupima (urugero: inkoni zo gupima, ipompo zo gupima, nibindi) hanyuma ubisukure cyangwa ubisimbuze neza hagati y'aho ufatira ingero.
• Ku bipimo bisaba kuvurwa mbere y’uko bikorerwa aho hantu, koresha udupira tw’amazi cyangwa uducupa twuzuyemo imiti irinda kwangirika igihe kirekire.

3. Ibisabwa mu kubungabunga no gutwara ingero z'ibikenewe

Ingero z'amazi zishobora guhinduka, kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika iyo zitabitswe cyangwa ngo zitwarwe neza mu gihe cyo kuva igihe cyo kuyakusanya kugeza igihe cyo kuyasesengura:

• Ubushyuhe bwo kubika: uducupa twinshi two gupima amazi ya EPA tugomba kubikwa mu buryo bukonjeshejwe kuri 4°C, kandi akenshi tujyanwa mu gasanduku gakonjeshejwe cyangwa mu gapaki k'urubura; ingero za mikorobe zigomba kugenzurwa neza n'ubushyuhe kandi zigasesengurwa mu masaha 6.
• Igihe cyo kubika: Ibintu bitandukanye bifite igihe ntarengwa cyo kubibika, urugero: iminsi 14 yo kubikoresha mu gukaraba, amasaha 48 yo kubikoresha mu ntungamubiri, n'amezi agera kuri 6 yo kubikoresha mu gukaraba (mu gihe habayeho aside).
• Ibirango by'ibikoresho: Buri cupa ry'icyitegererezo rigomba kuba rifite ikimenyetso cy'inomero y'ivugururwa kigaragaza igihe n'aho icyitegererezo cyafatiwe, izina ry'ikintu, n'uburyo cyo kugibika kugira ngo hirindwe urujijo.
• Inyandiko z'ubwikorezi: Ni byiza gukoresha icyitegererezo n'urupapuro rwo gufata kugira ngo wandike inzira yose y'icyitegererezo kuva ku ikusanyirizo kugeza kuri laboratwari kugira ngo habeho igenzura ry'ubuziranenge n'igenzura.

Ingero z'ibitekerezo bidasanzwe n'amakosa akunze kugaragara

Mu kazi ko kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi, bitewe no kutamenya neza ikoreshwa ry'ibipimo by'amacupa yo gufatiraho ingero, akenshi hari ingaruka zisa n'izito ariko zikomeye ku bisubizo by'ikosa ryo gukora. Ibi bikurikira bigaragaza ibintu byinshi bitazwi neza n'ibisubizo byabyo, kugira ngo bikoreshwe kandi biburwe.

1. Ingero z'ubwandu cyangwa kwinjizwa kw'amazi bitewe no gukoresha ibikoresho bitari byo

• Iyo amacupa asanzwe ya pulasitiki akoreshwa mu gukusanya ingero za VOC, amacupa ya pulasitiki (cyane cyane PVC cyangwa polyethylene idakomeye) ashobora kwinjizwa cyangwa kwinjira mu bihumanya ibidukikije, bigatuma ingano y’ibintu bigamije igabanuka ndetse n’agaciro kabyo kakagabanuka cyangwa katagaragara. Amacupa y’ibirahure agenzurwa na EPA afite imitwe idafite umwuka agomba gukoreshwa, hamwe na gasket za PTFE/silicone mu gipfundikizo kugira ngo hamenyekane ko imiti idakora neza kandi ko ifunga neza.

2. Kwirengagiza ingaruka zo kumva urumuri bitera kwangirika kw'icyitegererezo

• Iyo amacupa y'ibirahure bibonerana akoreshwa mu gukusanya ibisigazwa by'imiti yica udukoko kandi agashyirwa ku zuba igihe kirekire nyuma yo gupimwa, ibintu bimwe na bimwe by’umwimerere nk'imiti yica udukoko, PAH, n'ibintu bihumanya ikirere biba bifata cyane urumuri, kandi bishobora kubora no guhinduka munsi y'urumuri, bigatera ibisubizo bibi. Ku bintu bishobora kwangirika n'amafoto, amacupa y'umukara agomba gukoreshwa mu gupimwa, kandi ingero zigomba kubikwa vuba kandi zikarindwa urumuri nyuma yo gupimwa, kandi izuba ry'izuba naryo rigomba kwirindwa mu gihe cyo gutwara.

3. Nta bintu bibungabunga cyangwa uburyo bubikwa nabi, icyitegererezo cyangirika

• Iyo ingero za azote za ammonia zakusanyijwe nta bintu bizirinda kwangirika hanyuma zigashyirwa muri firigo amasaha 24 mbere yo koherezwa gupimwa. Mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba, mikorobe zihindura vuba azote ya ammonia mu mazi cyangwa zikayihinduramo ubundi buryo, bigatuma igipimo cya azote ya ammonia gihinduka kandi bigatuma ibisubizo by'ibizamini bitaba byiza. Ingero zigomba gushyirwamo aside zongeramo aside sulfurike cyangwa aside hydrochloric ako kanya nyuma yo gukusanywa kugira ngo hirindwe imikorere ya mikorobe kandi zigatwarwa mu buryo bukonjeshejwe kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugira ngo zimenye neza ko zoherejwe gupimwa mu gihe cyagenwe.

Izi myumvire idahwitse ikunze kutwibutsa ko guhitamo uducupa dukwiye two gusesengura amazi twa EPA ari intambwe ya mbere gusa, kandi ikiruta byose, imikorere isanzwe y'igikorwa cyose n'ibisobanuro birambuye by'igenzura, kugira ngo harebwe ko amakuru ajyanye n'ubuziranenge bw'amazi ari ukuri kandi yizewe, afite agaciro mu mategeko no mu bya tekiniki.

Umwanzuro

Mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi, uducupa twa EPA two gusesengura amazi, nubwo ari agakoresho gato gusa, tugira uruhare runini mu gikorwa cyose cyo gupima no gusesengura. Guhitamo uducupa twa EPA two gusesengura amazi ni ingenzi kugira ngo amakuru abe ari yo, akurikiranwe neza kandi akurikize amategeko.

Hashingiwe gusa ku guhitamo neza amacupa yo gufatiraho ingero, hamwe n'uburyo busanzwe bwo kuyakoresha (nk'ikoreshwa ry'ibintu bibungabunga, kuyabika kure y'urumuri, kuyatwara muri firigo, nibindi), bishobora kugabanya impinduka mu gukusanya, kuyabika no kuyatwara, kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibisubizo bya nyuma by'ibizamini ari ukuri, byizewe kandi byemewe n'amategeko.

Byongeye kandi, birasabwa ko buri shami ritegura buri gihe amahugurwa y’amaso ku bapima ingero kugira ngo barusheho gusobanukirwa no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame ya EPA n’ibipimo by’ikoreshwa ry’amacupa y’icyitegererezo, kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo nko kongera gucukura, gusesa amakuru cyangwa gutsindwa kw’igenzura bitewe n’amakosa mu mikorere, bityo bikanoza byuzuye ubuhanga n’ubwiza bw’akazi ko kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi.