Intangiriro

Hamwe n’umwanda w’ibidukikije ugenda urushaho kuba ikibazo gikomeye, gupima ubuziranenge bw’amazi byabaye igice cy’ingenzi mu kurengera ibidukikije, kurengera ubuzima bw’abaturage no kugenzura inganda. Yaba igeragezwa ry’amazi yo kunywa, kugenzura imyanda y’amazi y’inganda, cyangwa isuzuma ry’ibidukikije ry’inzuzi n’ibiyaga, amakuru y’isesengura ry’amazi meza ni ishingiro ryo gufata ibyemezo no gucunga neza ibyemezo.

Nintambwe yambere mugikorwa cyo gupima ubuziranenge bwamazi, ubunyangamugayo bwo gukusanya icyitegererezo bufitanye isano itaziguye nubwizerwe bwibikorwa byose byo kwipimisha.Amazi yo gusesengura amazi ya EPA, nkibikoresho byo gutwara ingero, nubwo bito mubunini kandi byoroshye mubigaragara, nibintu byingenzi byerekana ko ingero zidahumanye, ntizifate, kandi zibitswe neza.Niba guhitamo bidakwiriye, ntabwo bizaganisha gusa ku kugoreka amakuru yikizamini, ndetse birashobora no guterana inshuro nyinshi, gutinza iterambere ryakazi no kongera ibiciro.

Ibisobanuro no gutondekanya ibikoresho bya EPA Amazi Yisesengura

Amazi yo gusesengura amazi ya EPA ni ibikoresho byabigenewe byujuje ubuziranenge byujuje ubuziranenge bwa EPA kandi bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukusanya no kubika amazi y’amazi kugirango yipimishe laboratoire. Iyi viali ihujwe nibintu bitandukanye byikizamini, ibisabwa byo kubungabunga, nibiranga ibintu kugirango hagabanuke kwanduza, kwangirika, cyangwa impinduka zihimbano mugihe cyo gutwara no kubika, no kwemeza neza ibisubizo byisesengura.

Ukurikije ibikoresho n'imikorere itandukanye, ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA bigabanijwemo ibyiciro bikurikira:

1. Ibirahuri by'ibirahure

• Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa mugukusanya imyanda ihumanya kuko iba inert, ntabwo yorohereza adsorb ibintu byoroshye, kandi irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije. Akenshi ifite ibikoresho bya shitingi hamwe na gaseke ya PTFE / silicone kugirango wongere kashe hamwe n’imiti ihamye.

2. Amacupa ya polyethylene

• Harimo polyethylene yuzuye cyane hamwe nibikoresho bya polyethylene nkeya, ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gutoranya ibyiciro bitanu byanduye nka ioni yicyuma, umunyu wintungamubiri, anion na cations. Amacupa arwanya ingaruka kandi yoroheje, bigatuma akwirakwira kurubuga no gukoresha amajwi menshi.

3. Amacupa ya Amber

• Ifite igicucu cyiza kandi ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura ibintu byorohereza urumuri, bishobora gukumira neza imiti iterwa na UV iterwa na chimique cyangwa kubora.

4. Amacupa ashyizwe kumurongo

• Birakwiye kubisobanuro bihanitse, kurwego-rwisesengura, nko gukusanya ibyuma biremereye cyangwa ingero zangirika cyane. PTFE ifite imiti irwanya imiti nubusembure, kandi ntabwo izakora ibintu hafi ya byose, ariko birahenze cyane.

Buri kintu cyibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA gifite uburyo bwihariye bwogukoresha, guhitamo bigomba gushingira kumiterere yibintu byapimwe, imiterere yumubiri na chimique yintego, kimwe no kubanza kuvura kugirango uhuze ubwoko bwamacupa akwiye hamwe nuburyo bwo kubanza kuvura. Niba kontineri idatoranijwe neza, irashobora kubangamira amakuru yikizamini, cyangwa iganisha ku myanda y'icyitegererezo cyangwa ikeneye kongera gukusanywa, bigira ingaruka kubikorwa byose.

Ibintu by'ingenzi muguhitamo ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA

Mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’amazi, guhitamo ibikwiye byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA ni ngombwa kugirango habeho ibisubizo nyabyo.

1. Ubwoko bwikizamini

Ibintu bitandukanye byipimisha bihuye nibisabwa bitandukanye, bityo intambwe yambere muguhitamo ibipapuro byisesengura ryamazi ya EPA ni ugusobanura ibintu byikizamini:

• Kumenya imyanda ihumanya: nk'ibinyabuzima bihindagurika, ibinyabuzima bigizwe na kimwe cya kabiri, nibindi, bigomba gukoresha amacupa yikirahure. Ibikoresho by'ikirahure birinda neza adsorption no guhindagurika kw'ibigize kama, kandi akenshi birakenerwa mbere yo kongeramo aside kugirango ibuze ibikorwa bya mikorobe no gukumira iyangirika ryintego.
• Kumenya ibyuma biremereye.
• Kwipimisha Microbiologiya.

2. Guhitamo ibikoresho

Imiterere yibikoresho bitandukanye ifite ibiyiranga kandi bigira ingaruka kumibare yikizamini ukundi:

• Amacupa yikirahure. Nyamara, uburemere ni bunini, bworoshye gucika, ubwikorezi bugomba kwitonda.
• Amacupa ya plastike (polyethylene, polypropilene, nibindi): yoroheje, ntabwo yoroshye kumeneka, ibereye gusesengura byinshi. Nyamara, plastiki zimwe zishobora kwamamaza imyanda ihumanya cyangwa kurekura umwanda winyuma, ntibikwiye gusesengura imiterere kama.

3. Niba hakenewe gutunganywa mbere

Ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA akenshi bigomba kuba byujujwe mbere yo kubungabunga cyangwa kuvura kugirango bigumane icyitegererezo:

• Kurinda ibintu bisanzwe harimo HCI, HNO₃, na NaOH.
• Kurubuga-mbere yo kuvura: irashobora kugabanya impinduka, ariko isaba imikorere isanzwe hamwe nibintu bimwe na bimwe kurubuga.
• Laboratoire mbere yo kuvura: imikorere isobanutse neza, ariko isaba uburyo bwiza bwo kubika kandi irashobora kuzana impinduka mugihe cyo gutwara.

4. Ibara ry'icupa

• Icupa ry'umukara.
• Icupa risobanutse: bikwiranye numushinga utumva urumuri, byoroshye kureba ibara ryurugero rwamazi, ubudahangarwa nibindi bintu bifatika, ariko ntibisabwa kugirango hamenyekane ibibyimba bifotora.

5. Guhitamo amajwi

• Igomba gushingira kuburyo bwikizamini. Ibisabwa muri laboratoire hamwe na gahunda yumushinga wo guhitamo icupa. Ibisobanuro rusange ni 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, nibindi.
• Imishinga imwe isaba ko umubare munini w "ikirere cyumutwe" gisigara kugirango wongere reagent cyangwa wirinde gukonja no kwaguka; mugihe imishinga imwe isaba ko nta mwanya usigara kandi icupa ryuzuzwa ubushobozi.

Ibipimo bya EPA nibisabwa

Mu gupima ubuziranenge bw’amazi, ibikoresho by'icyitegererezo ntabwo biri mu bigize igeragezwa gusa, ahubwo ni igice cy'ingenzi mu kugenzura byimazeyo amahame ngengamikorere, EPA (Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika) mu buryo butandukanye bwo kwipimisha mu bikoresho byo gusesengura amazi kugira ngo hasobanurwe neza ubwoko bw'isesengura ry'amazi, ibikoresho, n'imikorere kugira ngo amakuru yisesengura y’ubumenyi, ukuri kandi yubahirizwe n'amategeko.

1. Ibipimo rusange byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwamazi ya EPA nibisabwa icupa

Hano hepfo hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima ibizamini bya EPA nibisabwa byihariye kumacupa y'icyitegererezo:

• EPA 524.2 (Ikizamini cya VOC): bisaba gukoresha ml 40 icupa ryikirahure ridafite umutwe hamwe na PTFE / silicone ifunga gasketi, hamwe na aside hydrochloric yongewe kumacupa nkuburinzi. Icupa rigomba kuzuzwa hejuru nta mwuka uhumeka cyangwa ubusa kugirango wirinde VOC guhunga.
• EPA 200.8 (ICP-MS gutahura ibintu byuma): usabwe gukoresha amacupa ya plastike ya HDPE, amacupa agomba kongerwamo aside nitric pre-acide kugirango wirinde imvura igwa.
• EPA 300 ikurikirana (ion chromatografiya isesengura rya anion na cations): amacupa ya polypropilene cyangwa polyethylene arashobora gukoreshwa atongeyeho aside, amacupa asabwa kugira isuku kandi nta ion zibangamira.
• EPA 1600 ikurikirana (kwipimisha mikorobe): bisaba amacupa ya plastike sterile, ashobora gukoreshwa, mubisanzwe akoreshwa kuri coliforme yuzuye, enterococci nibindi bipimo, icupa rirashobora kongerwaho muburyo bukwiye bwa sodium thiosulfate kugirango ibuze ibisigazwa bya chlorine.

Buri gipimo gifite amategeko akomeye kubwoko bw'icupa, ingano, ubushyuhe bwo kubika nigihe cyo kubika, no kwirengagiza kimwe muribi bisobanuro bishobora kuvamo amakuru atemewe.

2. Sisitemu yo kwemerera laboratoire ibisabwa kugirango ubone ibikoresho

Mu myitozo, laboratoire nyinshi zindi-zindi zisaba kwemererwa byihariye, nka:

• NELAC (Inama yo kwemerera Laboratwari y’ibidukikije): bisaba mu buryo bweruye ko ibikoresho byabigenewe, uburyo bwo gutoranya, nuburyo bwo kubungabunga byubahiriza EPA cyangwa ibipimo byigihugu, kandi ko urunigi rwuzuye rwicyitegererezo rwanditswe.
• ISO / IEC 17025 (Ibisabwa muri rusange kubushobozi bwo gupima no gupima Laboratoire): ishimangira gukurikiranwa, gucunga neza ibikoresho byerekana icyitegererezo hamwe ninyandiko zikoreshwa, hamwe no gushyiraho SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) yo gutoranya kontineri, gusukura no kubika.

Laboratoire zatsinze izo mpamyabumenyi zirasabwa kugira uburyo bukomeye bwo gucunga icyegeranyo, kandi guhitamo no gukoresha amacupa y'icyitegererezo bigomba kuba byanditse kugirango bigenzurwe imbere cyangwa hanze.

3. Ingaruka zifatika zikorwa byo kubahiriza

Guhitamo neza EPA isesengura ryamazi ya vial ice kugirango yubahirize cyane amabwiriza ntabwo ari ukuzuza ibisabwa muri laboratoire cyangwa gahunda, ahubwo bifitanye isano nibi bikurikira:

• Menya neza niba siyanse yemewe namategeko yamakuru yikizamini: uburyo bwemewe bwo gutoranya no kubungabunga ni ishingiro ryo kugenzura amakuru azamenyekana ninzego za leta, inkiko cyangwa sosiyete.
• Gutsindira umushinga wo gusuzuma no kugenzura ubuziranenge: Cyane cyane mubikorwa byo gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije, impushya zoherezwa mu kirere, kwemerera ibidukikije, n’ibindi, ikoreshwa risanzwe ry’amacupa y’icyitegererezo rishobora kwirinda gusubizwa cyangwa kongera gupimwa kubera kutubahiriza.
• Irinde imyanda y'icyitegererezo hamwe n'ingaruka zo kongera gukusanya: Iyo icyitegererezo kimaze kugaragara ko kitemewe, kigomba kongera gukusanywa, kidindiza iterambere gusa, ahubwo cyongera ikiguzi cyakazi, ibikoresho nogutwara.

Icyitonderwa mubikorwa byo gushushanya

Nubwo ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA byatoranijwe byujuje ubuziranenge bwa EPA, gufata nabi mugihe cyo gutoranya, kubika, no gutwara abantu bishobora kuvamo kwanduza icyitegererezo, kwangirika, cyangwa gutesha agaciro amakuru. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kwitondera cyane buri kantu kose kugirango tumenye ubusugire bwikitegererezo hamwe n’ibisubizo by’ibizamini.

1. Kugenzura kashe ya kashe

Ikidodo c'ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA bifitanye isano itaziguye no kumenya niba icyitegererezo kizahinduka cyangwa kigahinduka, kiva, cyangwa kigakorwa no gukuramo ubuhehere mu gihe cyo kubaho:

• Mbere yo gutoranya, agapira kagomba kugenzurwa kugirango harebwe niba agapira gahuye neza numunwa w'icupa, kandi niba hari ihinduka, kuvunika cyangwa gusaza.
• Kugirango hamenyekane ibinyabuzima bihindagurika hamwe nibindi bintu byoroshye cyane, ni ngombwa cyane gukoresha ingofero ifunze hamwe na gaze ya PTFE / silicone, ukayizirika hanyuma ukayobora igenzura kugirango harebwe ko hatabaho kumeneka.
• Ingofero igomba guhita ikomera nyuma yicyitegererezo kirangiye kugirango wirinde kumara igihe kinini.

2. Uburyo bwo kwirinda kwanduzanya

Igikorwa icyo aricyo cyose kidafite isuku gifite ubushobozi bwo gutangiza imbogamizi zishobora kugira ingaruka kurwego rwibanze rwicyitegererezo, cyane cyane muburyo bwo gusesengura ibimenyetso cyangwa mikorobe:

• Koresha uturindantoki twajugunywe kuri buri cyegeranyo cy'icyitegererezo hanyuma usimbuze icupa mbere yo gukina kugirango wirinde kwanduzanya.
• Koresha ibikoresho byabigenewe byabigenewe (urugero, inkoni zicyitegererezo, pompe zicyitegererezo, nibindi) hanyuma usukure cyangwa ubisimbuze neza hagati yicyitegererezo.
• Kuburugero rusaba kwitegura kurubuga, koresha imiyoboro isukuye cyangwa viali zuzuye zuzuyemo imiti igabanya ubukana kugirango wirinde guhumeka igihe kirekire.

3. Icyitegererezo cyo kubungabunga no gutwara ibintu

Ingero z’amazi zirashobora guhinduka, kwangirika cyangwa kunanirwa niba bitabitswe cyangwa ngo bitwarwe neza mugihe cyigihe cyo gukusanya kugeza igihe cyo gusesengura ubushakashatsi:

• Ubushyuhe bwo kubungabunga: ibikoresho byinshi byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA bigomba kubikwa mugihe gikonjesha kuri 4 ℃, kandi mubisanzwe bitwarwa mumasanduku ya firigo cyangwa ipaki ya barafu; ingero za mikorobe zigomba kugenzurwa nubushyuhe kandi zigasesengurwa mugihe cyamasaha 6.
• Igihe cyo kubungabunga: Ibintu bitandukanye bifite ibihe bitandukanye byo kubungabunga, urugero iminsi 14 kuri VOC, amasaha 48 kumunyu wintungamubiri, no kugeza kumezi 6 kubutare buremereye (mubihe byabanjirije aside).
• Ikirango: Buri gacupa ntangarugero rigomba kuba ryanditseho nimero yimurwa yerekana igihe n’ahantu byatangiwe, izina ryikintu, nuburyo bwo kubungabunga kugirango wirinde urujijo.
• Inyandiko zo gutwara abantu: Birasabwa gukoresha icyitegererezo kandi yewe ah gutora urupapuro kugirango wandike inzira zose zicyitegererezo kuva icyegeranyo kugeza muri laboratoire kugirango uhuze ibikenewe kugenzura ubuziranenge no kugenzura.

Ingero Zibitekerezo Byibisanzwe hamwe namakosa

Mubikorwa nyabyo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwamazi, kubera kutamenya gukoresha ikoreshwa ryamacupa yerekana, akenshi usanga hari bimwe bisa nkibito ariko bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubisubizo byamakosa yibikorwa. Ibikurikira birerekana urutonde rwubwumvikane buke nibisubizo byatewe nabo, kubisobanuro no kuburira.

1. Icyitegererezo cyanduye cyangwa adsorption kubera gukoresha ibikoresho bitari byo

• Niba amacupa asanzwe ya plastike akoreshwa mugukusanya icyitegererezo cya VOC, amacupa ya plastike (cyane cyane PVC cyangwa polyethylene yo mu rwego rwo hasi) akunda kwangirika cyangwa kwinjiza imyanda ihumanya, bigatuma igabanuka ryintego hamwe nagaciro gake cyangwa ntigaragara. Amacupa yikirahure agengwa na EPA afite imitwe idafite umwuka agomba gukoreshwa, hamwe na gaseke ya PTFE / silicone muri cap liner kugirango hamenyekane ubudahangarwa bwimiti no gufunga.

2. Kwirengagiza ingaruka ziterwa na fotosensitivite biganisha ku kwangirika kwicyitegererezo

• Niba amacupa yikirahure yumucyo akoreshwa mugukusanya ibisigisigi byica udukoko kandi bikagaragazwa nizuba ryizuba mugihe kinini nyuma yo gutoranywa, ibintu bimwe na bimwe kama nka pesticide, PAHs, nibintu bya nitroaromatike byumva cyane urumuri, kandi birashobora kubora no guhinduka munsi yumucyo, bikavamo ibisubizo bigoramye. Kubintu bifotora, amacupa yumukara agomba gukoreshwa mugupima, kandi ingero zigomba kubikwa vuba kandi zikarindwa urumuri nyuma yo gutoranywa, kandi urumuri rwizuba narwo rugomba kwirinda mugihe cyo gutwara.

3. Nta kubika ibintu cyangwa kubika ibintu bidakwiye, kwangirika kwicyitegererezo

• Niba ammoniya ya azote yakusanyirijwe hamwe idafite imiti igabanya ubukana hanyuma igakonjeshwa amasaha 24 mbere yo koherezwa kwipimisha. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, mikorobe izahita ihinduranya azote ya amoniya mumazi cyangwa ikayihindura mubundi buryo, bikavamo ihinduka ryibanze rya azote ya azote no gutesha agaciro ibisubizo byikizamini. Ingero zigomba guhindurwamo aside yongeramo aside sulfurike cyangwa aside hydrochloric ako kanya nyuma yo gukusanya kugirango ibuze ibikorwa bya mikorobe kandi igatwarwa mugihe gikonjesha kuri 4 ° C kugirango barebe ko boherejwe kwipimisha mugihe cyagenwe.

Iyi myumvire idahwitse iratwibutsa ko guhitamo ibikwiye byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA ari intambwe yambere gusa, kandi icy'ingenzi, imikorere isanzwe yimikorere yose hamwe nibisobanuro birambuye, kugirango harebwe niba amakuru yo gupima ubuziranenge bwamazi ari ukuri kandi yizewe, byemewe n'amategeko na tekiniki.

Umwanzuro

Mugukurikirana ubuziranenge bwamazi, ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA, nubwo ari akantu gato gusa, bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byose byo gutoranya no gusesengura. Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusesengura amazi ya EPA ni ngombwa kugirango amakuru yukuri, akurikiranwe kandi yubahirizwe.

Gusa hashingiwe ku guhitamo gushyira mu gaciro amacupa yintangarugero, hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwo gukora (nko gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana, kubika kure yumucyo, gutwara firigo, nibindi), birashobora kugabanya impinduka mugukusanya, kubika no gutwara ingero, kugirango harebwe niba ibisubizo byanyuma byizamini ari ukuri, byizewe kandi byemewe n'amategeko.

Byongeye kandi, birasabwa ko buri gice cyategura buri gihe amahugurwa yijisho ryintangarugero kugirango arusheho gusobanukirwa no gushyira mubikorwa amahame ya EPA hamwe nicyitegererezo cyo gukoresha amacupa, kugirango hirindwe ibibazo nko kongera gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, gutesha agaciro amakuru cyangwa kunanirwa kugenzura kubera amakosa yibikorwa, bityo bikazamura byimazeyo ubuhanga nubuziranenge bwibikorwa byo gukurikirana amazi meza.