Intangiriro

Uducupa twa scintillation ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kubara scintillation y'amazi, ahanini bikoreshwa mu gupima imikorere ya radioisotopes. Ihame ry'imikorere ni ugushyira scintillation y'amazi irimo ingero za radiation mu ducupa twa scintillation, maze imikoranire hagati y'uduce twa radiation n'amazi ya scintillation ikora fluorescence, igaragazwa n'imiyoboro ya photomultiplier kugira ngo isuzume ubukana bwa radiation.

Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gukoresha uducupa tw’ubushyuhe ni ingenzi cyane kandi bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kuri no kwizerwa kw’ibisubizo by’igerageza. Ibikoresho bitandukanye bifite imiterere itandukanye ya fizikiki, nko kudakora neza kw’ibinyabutabire, gukorera mu mucyo, kudashyuha, kubara inyuma y’ikizamini, nibindi. Iyi miterere izagira ingaruka ku kudahinduka kw’icyitegererezo, imikorere myiza yo kubitahura, umutekano w’imikorere n’ikiguzi cy’igerageza. Kubwibyo,Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gukoresha uducupa duto dukurikije ibyo igerageza rikeneye ndetse n'imiterere y'icyitegererezo ni intambwe ikomeye kugira ngo haboneke ibisubizo nyabyo kandi byizewe by'igerageza.

Uducupa tw'ikirahure two gukaraba

Uducupa tw’ikirahure dukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gukaraba dufite umwanya ukomeye mu kubara ikoranabuhanga ryo gukaraba bitewe n’imikorere yatwo myiza. Ibyiza byatwo bigaragarira ahanini muri ibi bikurikira:

1. Ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire: Ibikoresho by'ikirahure bishobora kwihanganira kwangirika kw'ibintu byinshi bihumanya ikirere, aside, alkali n'ibindi binyabutabire, kandi ntabwo byoroshye kugira icyo bikora hamwe n'ibipimo, ibyo bikaba byemeza neza ko ibipimo bihamye kandi ko ibisubizo by'igerageza ari ukuri. Urugero, iyo upimye ingero za radiyo mu kirere gifite aside nyinshi cyangwa alkali, amacupa y'ikirahure ashobora kuguma adahindagurika, mu gihe amacupa ya pulasitiki ashobora gushonga cyangwa kwangirika, bigagira ingaruka ku bisubizo by'igerageza.

2. Gukorera mu mucyo mwinshi: Ikirahure gitanga urumuri rwinshi kandi gishobora kohereza urumuri rwinshi rukomoka ku gisubizo cya scintillation, ibyo bigatuma icyuma gipima urumuri kirushaho gukora neza, bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza mu bya tekiniki no gupima neza.

3. Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi: Uducupa tw'ikirahure dushobora kwihanganira uburyo bwo gusukura ubushyuhe bwinshi, nko gusukura neza mu mwuka, bikaba bikwiriye mu gupima uturemangingo, gupima mikorobe n'ibindi bigerageza bisaba ahantu hatagira amazi menshi.

4. Kubara ku giciro gito: Ibikoresho by'ikirahure ubwabyo bifite imirasire mike cyane, bishobora kugabanya neza ingaruka mbi z'inyuma no kunoza ubushobozi bwo gupima no kumenya neza ibipimo, cyane cyane bibereye mu gupima ingero z'imirasire yo ku rwego rwo hasi.

Ariko, hari ingorane zimwe na zimwe ku macupa yo gukaraba mu kirahuri:

1. Ifite intege nke: Ibikoresho by'ikirahure biracika kandi bishobora kwangirika mu gihe cyo kubikoresha, hari ibyago by'umutekano byo gushwanyaguza abakozi cyangwa kwanduza ibidukikije, ibyo bikaba bisaba ko bikoreshwa neza.

2. Iremereye cyane: Ugereranyije n'amacupa ya pulasitiki, amacupa y'ibirahure aremereye cyane, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo gutwara no kubika ibintu kiyongera.

3. Igiciro kiri hejuru: bitewe n'ibintu nk'uburyo bwo gukora n'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho fatizo, igiciro cy'uducupa tw'ibirahure dukoreshwa mu gukaraba ubusanzwe kiri hejuru ugereranyije n'udupfunyika twakozwe mu bindi bikoresho nka pulasitiki.

Muri rusange, uducupa tw’ibirahuri dukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi dufite inyungu zidasubirwaho mu bijyanye no kubara ubushyuhe bw’amazi bitewe nuko tudakoresha imiti myinshi, koroshya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ko tudakoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi ko tubara inyuma hato, cyane cyane ko dukwiriye gupimwa neza, ahantu hafite aside nyinshi na alkali nyinshi, koroshya ubushyuhe bwinshi no kubara inyuma hato ni byo bipimo. Ariko, ingaruka mbi zo kuba ndende, uburemere n’igiciro kiri hejuru zigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo.

Amacupa ya pulasitiki yo gukaraba

Uducupa twa pulasitiki dukoreshwa cyane mu kubara amazi bitewe nuko tworoshye, dukomeye kandi duhendutse. Ibyiza byatwo bigaragarira cyane muri ibi bikurikira:

1. Ntibyoroshye kubyica: Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bifite ubukana bwiza, bishobora kwihanganira ingaruka n'igitutu runaka, ntabwo byoroshye gucika, bikora neza kandi byoroshye, bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika no guteza ibibazo by'umutekano.

2. Uburemere bworoheje: ugereranyije n'amacupa y'ibirahure, amacupa ya pulasitiki yoroshye gupima, yoroshye gutwara no kubika, bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho n'uburyo bwo gukoresha mu cyumba cya laboratwari.

3. Igiciro gito: Igiciro cy'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki kiri hasi, uburyo bwo gukora ni bworoshye, bityo igiciro cy'uducupa twa pulasitiki dushyuha ubusanzwe ni cyiza kurusha amacupa y'ibirahure, bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'igerageza.

4. Ubuziranenge bwa pulasitiki: Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki biroroshye gutunganya no gushushanya, bishobora gukorwa hakurikijwe ibyo igerageza rikeneye mu buryo butandukanye, imiterere n'amabara y'uducupa twa shintillation, nk'amacupa afite ishusho y'urukiramende, amacupa kare, amacupa y'umukara, n'ibindi, kugira ngo bihuze n'ibyo igerageza rikeneye byihariye.

Ariko, uducupa twa pulasitiki dukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gukaraba impumuro y'amazi na two dufite imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe:

1. Nta mikorobe nyinshi zikoreshwa mu gukora imiti: Hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishongesha ibidukikije, nka toluene na xylene, bishobora gutuma plastiki ishonga cyangwa igahinduka, bigatera ingaruka ku buryo bwo kumenya imiyoboro ya photomultiplier, bityo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo kubara no gupima bugabanuka.

2. Gutanga urumuri ruto: Kubona neza kwa pulasitiki ugereranije n'ikirahure bishobora kugabanya uburyo urumuri rutangwa n'amazi ashyushye, bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kumenya neza imiyoboro ya fotomultiplier bityo bigabanye ubushobozi bwo kubara no gupima neza.

3. Ntirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi: Ibikoresho byinshi bya pulasitiki ntibirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi gutunganya autoclave bishobora gutuma amacupa ya pulasitiki ahinduka cyangwa kurekura imiti, bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'igerageza n'ubuzima bw'abagerageza.

4. Umubare munini w'inkomoko: Inyuma y'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki irabagirana cyane kurusha iy'ibirahure, ibi bishobora kongera ingaruka z'inyuma no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gupima no gukora neza, kandi ntibikwiriye mu kubona ingero z'ibipimo bya pulasitiki.

Muri make, amacupa ya pulasitiki akoreshwa mu gupima ibintu afite uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyakoresha mu gupima ibintu bisanzwe, mu buryo buhendutse kandi akenera umutekano mwinshi mu gukora bitewe n'inyungu zayo zo kutameneka, koroshye, kuhendutse no koroha gukoresha. Ariko, ingaruka mbi zayo nko kudakoresha imiti, kudakorera mu mucyo mwinshi, kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi no kubara inyuma cyane bigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo kuyatoranya kugira ngo hirindwe kugira ingaruka ku buziranenge n'ubwizerwe bw'ibisubizo by'igerageza.

Inzira yo Guhitamo Ibikoresho

Guhitamo ibikoresho byiza byo gucupa bitanga ubushyuhe bisaba guhuza ibintu bikurikira:

Imiterere y'icyitegererezo

1. Ubwoko bw'ibintu bishongesha: Ibintu bitandukanye bishongesha bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugira ngo ibintu bibe bihamye. Urugero, ibintu bishongesha by’umwimerere nka toluene na xylene bishobora gushonga plastiki zimwe na zimwe, bityo ni ngombwa guhitamo icupa ry’ikirahure ridafite imiti myinshi.

2. Aside na alkali: aside ikomeye n'ibidukikije bya alkali byangiza bimwe mu bikoresho, ugomba guhitamo aside na alkali byiza by'icupa ry'ikirahure.

3. Ubukana bw'imirasire: Ingero z'imirasire iri ku rwego rwo hasi zigomba guhitamo amacupa y'ibirahure afite umubare muto w'inyuma kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka mbi z'inyuma no kunoza uburyo bwo gupima.

Ibisabwa mu igerageza

1. Uburyo bwo kumenya neza: Gupima neza cyane bisaba guhitamo amacupa y'ibirahure afite ubwisanzure bwinshi kandi afite umubare muto w'inyuma kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza yo kuvumbura no gupima neza.

2. Ibisabwa ku bijyanye no kutabyara: igerageza risaba ko habaho gusukura ubushyuhe bwinshi risaba guhitamo uducupa tw'ibirahuri turwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.

3. Umutekano mu mikorere: igerageza ryo kugongana mu gihe cyo gukora kugira ngo hongerwe umutekano w'ibikorwa rigomba guhitamo amacupa ya pulasitiki adacika kugira ngo hongerwe umutekano w'ibikorwa.

Ingengo y'imari y'ikiguzi

1. Ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho: amacupa y'ibirahure akunze guhenda kurusha amacupa ya pulasitiki.

2. Amafaranga yo gutwara no kubika: amacupa y'ibirahure aremereye cyane kandi ahenze kuyatwara no kuyabika.

Amahitamo meza

1. Uducupa tw'ikirahure turakwiriye mu igerageza risaba gupima neza cyane, aside ikomeye na alkali, gusukura ubushyuhe bwinshi, no kubara inyuma hake.

2. Uducupa twa pulasitiki turakwiriye gupimwa buri gihe, gupimwa bihendutse, no gupimwa bisaba umutekano mwinshi mu mikorere.

Amahitamo ya nyuma y'ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu macupa yo gukaraba agomba gupimwa hakurikijwe ibyo abantu bakeneye mu igerageza ndetse n'imiterere y'icyitegererezo. Ni byiza ko wagisha inama umuhanga cyangwa ugakora isuzuma mbere yo guhitamo rimwe kugira ngo umenye neza ko wahisemo ibikoresho bikwiye kandi ubone ibisubizo by'igerageza byizewe.

Umwanzuro

Uducupa twa scintillation dukozwe mu kirahure na pulasitiki ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kubara scintillation y'amazi kandi buri kimwe gifite ibyiza n'imbogamizi byihariye. Uducupa twa scintillation tw'ikirahure turakomeye mu bushakashatsi busaba gupima neza cyane, ahantu hakomeye hafite aside na alkaline, autoclaving n'inyuma hake bitewe n'uko tudakoresha imiti, mucyo mwinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi n'inyuma hake. Ku rundi ruhande, amacupa ya pulasitiki, hamwe n'ibyiza byayo byo kutameneka, koroshye, bihendutse kandi byoroshye gukoresha, afite umwanya mu bipimo bisanzwe, bihendutse kandi bisaba umutekano mwinshi mu mikorere.

Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gukoresha mu macupa yo gukaraba si ibintu byoroshye kandi bisaba ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nko imiterere y'icyitegererezo, ibisabwa mu igerageza n'ingengo y'imari ikoreshwa. Urugero, ku bipimo by'ubuziranenge mu bidukikije birimo aside nyinshi na alkali, amacupa y'ibirahure nta gushidikanya ko ari amahitamo meza, mu gihe ku bipimo bisanzwe no ku bipimo bihendutse, amacupa ya pulasitiki ahendutse cyane.

Guhitamo no gukoresha neza amacupa yo gukaraba ni intambwe ikomeye mu kubona ibisubizo nyabyo kandi byizewe. Abakora igerageza bagomba gusuzuma neza ibyiza n'ibibi by'ibikoresho bitandukanye hakurikijwe ibyo bakeneye mu igerageza, bagahitamo uducupa two gukaraba dukwiye, kandi bakadukoresha hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gukoresha, kugira ngo barebe neza kandi byubahirize amakuru y'igerageza, kandi batange inkunga ikomeye ku bushakashatsi bw'ubuhanga bw'ubuvanganzo.