Intangiriro

Uducupa twa scintillation dufata ibimenyetso by'urumuri biva mu gukurura uduce duto tw'imirasire hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitanga urumuri, ihame nyamukuru rikaba rishingiye ku mikoranire y'imirasire ikora iyoni n'ibintu. Kuva hagati mu kinyejana cya 20, twabaye inkingi ikomeye y'ubushakashatsi bwa fiziki ya kirimbuzi, ubuvuzi n'ibidukikije bitewe n'uburyo bworoshye bwo kumva no kugaragaza imiterere yabyo. Ubusanzwe, byagiye bihagarikwa mu bikoresho bigezweho muri laboratwari kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu gusesengura neza no mu mibare ya radioisotopes.

Uducupa twa mbere twa squillation twagabanijwe n'ingano yatwo nini, imiterere yatwo n'igiciro cyatwo kiri hejuru, kandi twakorerwaga cyane cyane muri laboratwari zihariye.Ariko mu myaka ya vuba aha, iterambere rya miniaturized semiconductor detectors, iterambere mu bikoresho bishya bya scintillator, no guhuza abasomyi bagendanwa byazamuye cyane imikorere myiza yo kuvumbura no gutwara ibintu.

Amahame y'ingenzi ya tekiniki y'uducupa twa Scintillation

1. Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukora

Uburyo ibikoresho bitanga urumuri bikorana n'ibikoresho bitanga urumuri: Iyo ibintu bifite imirasire (urugero: imirasire ya alpha, beta cyangwa gamma) byinjira mu ducupa twa scintillation, bikorana n'ibikoresho bifite imirasire (scintillator) biri mu ducupa. Uku guhuza ibintu bivamo gukurura molekile cyangwa atome mu bikoresho bifite imirasire hanyuma hagakurikiraho kurekurwa kwa fotoni mu gihe cyo gukurura, bigatanga ikimenyetso cy'urumuri kigaragara.

Ibikoresho byo Gusoma: PMT (Photomultiplier Tube) ni icyuma gipima amafoto gifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibimenyetso by'urumuri bidakomeye mo ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi, bikongerwamo imbaraga n'icyuma gitanga amplifier kugira ngo gisohore ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bipimwa. Ku rundi ruhande, icyuma gipima amafoto cya silicon ni ubwoko bwa icyuma gipima amafoto gishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya semiconductor, gishobora guhindura ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye hamwe n'ubushobozi bwinshi bwa quantum n'urusaku ruto.

2. Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere

Imikorere y'uducupa twa scintillation ipimwa hifashishijwe ibipimo bike by'ingenzi:

Ubushobozi bwo kumenya (aho umuntu ashobora kunyura)): Ubushobozi bwo kumva ni bwo bushobozi bwo hasi bushobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe utubuto twa scintillation. Uko ubushobozi bwo kumva burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko ubwinshi bw'ibintu bifite imirasire ishobora kumenyekana mu Burayi bugabanuka. Ubushobozi bwo kumva buterwa n'ubushobozi bwo kubona urumuri rw'ibikoresho bifite imirasire, ubushobozi bwo kubona urumuri rw'amatara n'urusaku rw'urusaku rw'ibikoresho.

Ubushobozi bw'ingufu: Ingufu zigaragara ni ubushobozi bw'uducupa twa scintillation mu gutandukanya uduce duto tw'ingufu zitandukanye. Uko ingufu zigaragara cyane, ni ko uduce duto tw'ingufu zitandukanye dushobora kumenyekana no gutandukanywa neza. Ingufu zigaragara ahanini zishingiye ku miterere y'urumuri rw'ibikoresho bya fluorescent, imikorere ya fotodetector, n'ubwiza bw'uruziga rutunganya ibimenyetso.

Ituze: Guhagarara neza bivuga ubushobozi bw'uducupa tw'urumuri dukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima urumuri kugira ngo dukomeze gukora neza mu gihe kirekire. Uducupa tw'urumuri dukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima urumuri dushobora kugumana umusaruro uhoraho mu bihe bitandukanye by'ibidukikije. Guhagarara neza biterwa n'uburyo ibintu bikoresha amashanyarazi bigumana imbaraga, imiterere y'icyuma gipima urumuri, n'ibintu bidukikije (urugero: ubushyuhe, ubushuhe).

Uguhuza kw'ibikoresho: Uducupa twa scintillation tugomba kuba duhuye n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibipimo, harimo ingero z'amazi, iz'ibikomeye n'iza gazi. Guhuza ibikoresho biterwa n'ibikoresho by'uducupa twa scintillation (urugero: ikirahure cyangwa pulasitiki) ndetse n'ubuhanga bw'ibikoresho bya fluorescent. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibipimo bushobora gusaba imiterere itandukanye y'uducupa twa scintillation n'amahitamo y'ibikoresho.

Ihame ry'ingenzi rya tekiniki ry'uducupa twa scintillation rishingiye ku mikoranire y'ibikoresho bya fluorescent n'ibintu bikoresha imirasire, ibi bipimwa hakoreshejwe guhindura ibimenyetso by'urumuri mu bimenyetso by'amashanyarazi binyuze mu ducupa twa Shanghai silicon photodetectors. Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere birimo ubushobozi bwo kumenya, ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ingufu, kuguma hamwe no guhuza ibikoresho, ibyo byose hamwe bigena ubushobozi bwo kumenya no gukoresha uducupa twa scintillation.

Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha kuva muri Laboratwari kugeza ku igenzura ry'ibidukikije

Uducupa twa scintillation, nk'igikoresho cyiza cyane cyo gupima uburozi bw'imirasire, dukoreshwa cyane mu nzego zitandukanye, kuva ku bushakashatsi bw'ibanze bwa laboratwari kugeza ku kugenzura ibidukikije, kugeza ku bikorwa by'inganda n'umutekano, ndetse no mu turere tukiri dushya.

1. Ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze bwa laboratwari

Isesengura rya nucleides: Ikoreshwa mu gupima ingano ya isotope za alpha, beta na gamma nka tritium (H-3) na karuboni-14 (C-14). Ikoreshwa mu gupima neza imikorere ya radioisotope mu nzego nka fiziki ya kirimbuzi n'igihe cya geologiya.

Inyigo ku mikorere y'imiti: Gukurikirana inzira z'imikorere y'ibiyobyabwenge n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge mu binyabuzima binyuze mu bintu bifite label ya radio (urugero, imiti ifite label ya C-14). Ikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'imiti n'uburozi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo ibiyobyabwenge byinjizwa, bigakwirakwizwa, bigakorwa n'uburyo bisohoka (ADME).

Gupima umutekano w'ibiribwa: gusuzuma byihuse ibintu bihumanya ikirere biri mu biribwa; bikoreshwa mu kwemeza umutekano w'ibiribwa nyuma y'impanuka za kirimbuzi cyangwa ahantu hafite imirasire myinshi.

2. Akarere gashinzwe kugenzura ibidukikije

Gukurikirana amasoko y'amazi: Gupima radionuclides mu mazi yo kunywa no mu mazi yanduye yo mu nganda bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma urwego rw'umwanda w'amazi no kwemeza ko ubuziranenge bw'amazi bwujuje ibisabwa mu by'umutekano.

Ubutaka n'ikirere: Gukurikirana ikwirakwira ry'imirasire nyuma y'impanuka ya kirimbuzi, gukurikirana ubwinshi bw'imirasire mu butaka no mu kirere, no gusuzuma ibidukikije bisubiranye.

Ingero z'ibinyabuzima: Gusesengura ubwiyongere bw'ibyuma biremereye cyangwa ibintu bifite imirasire mu bimera n'inyamaswa. Bikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi ku burozi bw'ibidukikije kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka z'umwanda w'imirasire ku rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima.

3. Porogaramu z'inganda n'umutekano

Ikizamini kitangiza ibintu: kugenzura ko ibikoresho bikoresha imirasire bisohoka mu bikoresho by'inganda. Bikoreshwa mu nganda z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, nibindi, mu rwego rwo gusuzuma umutekano n'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho.

Uburinzi bw'imirasire: ikoreshwa nk'umufatanyabikorwa w'ibipimo bya dosimetero bwite kugira ngo ikurikirane urugero rw'imirasire yakirwa n'abakozi. Mu bigo bya elegitoroniki, mu mashami ya radiyoloji y'ibitaro n'ahandi kugira ngo harebwe umutekano w'imirasire.

Ubutabazi bwihutirwa: gusuzuma vuba urugero rw'imirasire mu gihe habaye impanuka ya kirimbuzi cyangwa amazi y'imirasire. Ikoreshwa mu gukurikirana imirasire no gufasha mu byihutirwa ahantu habaye ibiza.

4. Uturere dushya duhuriramo

Ubuvuzi bw'ubuzima: Kwemeza uburyo imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri hakoreshejwe radiolabel kugira ngo harebwe uburyo imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri kandi ikagira akamaro. Mu kuvura hakoreshejwe radioisotope, gukurikirana ikwirakwizwa ry'imiti n'imikorere yayo.

Ibikoresho bya Nano: kwiga ingaruka z'uduce duto tw'ingufu mu gupima imirasire kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo gutahura no gukora neza. Gutegura ibikoresho bishya bya nano-scintillator kugira ngo bivumbure imirasire neza cyane.

Gushakisha ikirere: yo kumenya imirasire y'ikirere no kwiga ingaruka z'imirasire y'ikirere ku byogajuru n'ibyogajuru. Gusuzuma imikorere y'ibikoresho birinda imirasire y'ibyogajuru kugira ngo harebwe umutekano w'ubutumwa bwo mu kirere.

Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha utudomo twa scintillation bukubiyemo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye kuva ku bushakashatsi bw’ibanze bwa laboratwari kugeza ku kugenzura ibidukikije, gukoresha inganda n’umutekano, ndetse n’uturere tugaragara. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kumenya, gukoresha neza no guhuza neza ibintu bituma biba igikoresho cy’ingenzi mu gupima imirasire, bigira uruhare runini mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi, kurengera ibidukikije, umutekano w’inganda no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga.

Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga dutuma habaho imikorere myinshi

Uducupa tw’ubushyuhe dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ntabwo dushobora gutegurwa no gutezwa imbere hatabayeho guteza imbere udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane mu bumenyi bw’ibikoresho, kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga no gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe ndetse no gushyigikira amategeko.

1. Iterambere mu bumenyi bw'ibikoresho

Ibikoresho bishya bya scintillator: cesium iyode irimo thallium, scintillators zishingiye kuri lutetium, organic scintillators, nano-scintillators, nibindi, bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kumenya, kugabanya imipaka yo kuvumbura, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kongera igihe cyo kumara ibikoresho, kongera ubushobozi bwo kugumana ibintu neza, no kwihuza n'ibidukikije bigoye (urugero: ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe bwinshi).

2. Kuvugurura mu buryo bw'ubwenge

Algoritime z'ubwenge bw'ubukorano zifasha mu gusesengura amakuru: algorithme zo kwigira ku mashini zikoreshwa mu kumenya ubwoko bwa nuclide mu buryo bwikora, binoza uburyo bwo gusesengura amakuru neza n'ubushobozi. Kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso binyuze mu buryo bwimbitse bwo kwigira kugira ngo ugabanye urusaku rubangamira, kunoza uburyo bwo kubitahura, no kugera ku isesengura ryihuse no gupima ingero za nuclide nyinshi zivanze.

Urubuga rw'ibicu n'ikoranabuhanga rya IoT: kubaka urubuga rwo gusangira amakuru mu buryo nyabwo kugira ngo habeho umuyoboro wo kugenzura ibikorwa bya radiyo ku isi yose. Gushyigikira igenzura rinini ry’ibidukikije no gutabara mu gihe cy’impanuka binyuze mu igenzura ry’amakuru no kuyasesengura, no gutanga ibikoresho byo kwerekana amakuru kugira ngo bifashe abafata ibyemezo gusobanukirwa vuba ikwirakwizwa ry’imirasire n’uko igenda.

(Ibyiza: Kunoza imikorere myiza mu gutunganya amakuru no kugabanya ibikorwa by’abantu; gushyira mu bikorwa igenzura ry’amakuru mu buryo bwa kure no gutanga amakuru y’igihe gito, no kunoza ubushobozi bwo gutabara mu gihe cy’impanuka; guteza imbere ubufatanye ku isi no gusangira amakuru, no guteza imbere ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga.)

Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi gituma habaho imikorere myinshi y’uducupa twa scintillation. Impinduka mu bumenyi bw’ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bishya bya scintillator byazamuye cyane imikorere yo kuvumbura; kuvugurura amakuru mu buryo bw’ubwenge byatumye isesengura ry’amakuru rirushaho kuba ryiza kandi rinoze. Ubu bushya ntibwagura gusa uburyo bwo gukoresha uducupa twa scintillation, ahubwo bunateza imbere iterambere rusange ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo kuvumbura imirasire, butanga inkunga ikomeye mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi, kurengera ibidukikije no kurinda umutekano wa kirimbuzi.

Imbogamizi n'ibisubizo

Uducupa twa scintillation duhura n'imbogamizi nyinshi mu ikoreshwa ryatwo, harimo ibibazo by'ikiguzi, imikorere igoye, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kuvura mbere y'uko dutangira. Mu gukemura ibi bibazo, inganda zatanze ibisubizo bitandukanye kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rirusheho gutera imbere no gukwirakwizwa.

1. Ibibazo bihari

Ibiciro biri hejurut: Amafaranga menshi yo gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho bito n'ibikoresho bikora neza bigabanya ikwirakwizwa ry'ibikoresho binini. Ibikoresho byo gupima byoroheje cyane birahenze kandi biragoye kubihuza n'uduce duke cyangwa muri laboratwari nto n'iziciriritse.

Ubushobozi bwo gukora: Ibikoresho byo gupima imirasire akenshi bisaba abakozi bihariye kugira ngo babikoreshe kandi babibungabunge, bikongera urugero rw'ikoreshwa. Uburyo bugoye bwo gucunga ingero no gusesengura amakuru bushyira ibisabwa cyane mu buhanga ku bakozi batari abihariye.

Ingero z'imbogamizi mbere yo kuvurwa: Ingero zimwe na zimwe (urugero, ubutaka, ingirabuzimafatizo z’ibinyabuzima) zisaba kuvurwa mbere y’uko bivurwa mu buryo burambuye kandi bugoye (urugero, gushonga, kuyungurura, gupima), ibyo byongera igihe cyo gupima n’ikiguzi. Intambwe zo kuvura mbere y’uko bivurwa zishobora guteza amakosa ashobora kugira ingaruka ku kuri kw’ibisubizo by’ibizamini.

2. Ingamba zo guhangana n'ibibazo

Guteza imbere sensor ku giciro gito no gukora miniaturization: Guteza imbere ibikoresho bito byo gupima bishobora kwimurwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo gukora no gukoresha ingufu. Gushakisha ibikoresho bishya bya scintillator bihendutse hamwe na fotodecteur kugira ngo bisimbuze ibice bisanzwe bihenze. Gushushanya ibikoresho byo gupima mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo kugira ngo byoroshye kubungabunga no kuvugurura, no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukoresha igihe kirekire.

Igishushanyo mbonera cyoroshye gukoresha no kunoza imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwikora: Gutegura uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha amakuru butanga ubuyobozi mu mikorere n'ibitekerezo mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo bigabanye uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyakoresha. Guhuza uburyo bwo gutunganya ingero mu buryo bwikora no gusesengura amakuru bigabanya uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo gupima. Ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'ubwenge bw'ubukorano kugira ngo itange inama mu mikorere no gukemura ibibazo kugira ngo ifashe abatari impuguke gutangira vuba.

Udushya twinshi mu ikoranabuhanga ribanziriza itunganywa: guteza imbere ibizamini bidasaba isuzuma rigoye mbere yo kubitunganya (urugero, gupima mu buryo butaziguye ingero zikomeye cyangwa imvange), koroshya imikorere. Gushyira intambwe zo kuvurwa mbere yo kubisuzuma mu bikoresho byo gupima kugira ngo bivugwe mu buryo buhuriweho. Gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura ingero (urugero: gusya muri mikoroonde, gukuramo ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasound) kugira ngo bigabanya igihe cyo kuvurwa mbere yo kubivura.

Nubwo uducupa twa scintillation duhura n'imbogamizi mu mikoreshereze nk'ikiguzi, imikorere igoye ndetse n'uburyo bwo kuvura mbere y'uko dutangira, ibi bibazo birimo gukemurwa buhoro buhoro binyuze mu gukora miniaturization no guteza imbere sensor ihendutse, imiterere yoroshye gukoresha, hamwe n'udushya twinshi mu ikoranabuhanga mbere yo kuvurwa. Izi ngamba zo guhangana n'ikibazo ntizigabanya gusa urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, ahubwo zinanoza imikorere myiza no kumenya neza. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere rikomeje mu ikoranabuhanga, uducupa twa scintillation tuzagira uruhare runini mu nzego zikwiye.

Icyerekezo cy'ejo hazaza

Uducupa twa scintillation, nk'igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo gupima imirasire, tuzazana amahirwe mashya mu iterambere mu bijyanye n'udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no mu bushobozi bwo gukoresha mu gihe kizaza.

1. Imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga

Gutahura uburyo bwinshi: Gutegura ibikoresho bihuza ibikoresho byo gupima imiti n'imikorere yo gupima imirasire kugira ngo bigerweho gupima icyarimwe ibintu bihumanya ikirere na radionuclides mu bipimo. Kwagura uburyo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu kugenzura ibidukikije, umutekano w'ibiribwa no gukoresha imiti mu buvuzi.

2. Ubushobozi bwo gukoresha

Gukurikirana urubura rw'izuba mu rwego rw'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi: kwiga ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku gushonga kw'urubura no gutwara ibintu bihumanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutahura radionuclides mu rubura rwo ku mpera y'isi. Hashingiwe ku makuru yo gupima radionuclides, ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi ku rubura rwo ku mpera y'isi zizasuzumwa, habeho ishingiro rya siyansi rya politiki zo kurengera ibidukikije.

Inkunga y'ubukungu bushingiye ku ruziga mu iterambere rirambye ry'ingufu za kirimbuzi: Guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima no gucunga neza imyanda ya kirimbuzi kugira ngo habeho kongera gukoreshwa imyanda ya kirimbuzi. Gukurikirana mu buryo butunguranye ikwirakwizwa n'ubwinshi bw'ibintu bikoresha radiyo mu gihe cy'izunguruka rya lisansi ya kirimbuzi bishimangira umutekano n'uburambe bw'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu za kirimbuzi.

Mu gihe kizaza, uducupa twa scintillation tuzakomeza kongera ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kuvumbura no gukoresha neza, bitewe n'ikoranabuhanga nko kumenya ibintu byinshi. Hagati aho, ku bijyanye n'ubushobozi bwo gukoresha nk'igenzura ry'urubura rwo ku misozi miremire n'iterambere rirambye ry'ingufu za kirimbuzi, uducupa twa scintillation tuzatanga inkunga ikomeye mu bushakashatsi ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi ndetse n'ubukungu bushingiye ku ruziga rw'ingufu za kirimbuzi. Hamwe n'iterambere rihoraho ry'ikoranabuhanga, uducupa twa scintillation tuzagira uruhare runini mu nzego nyinshi kandi tugire uruhare runini mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi no kurengera ibidukikije.

Umwanzuro

Uducupa twa scintillation, nk'igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo gupima radiography, twagiye duhinduka buhoro buhoro kuva ku ntangiriro yatwo nto nk'igikoresho kimwe cya laboratwari tugera ku gikoresho cy'ingenzi mu nzego nyinshi.

Iterambere ry'uducupa twa scintillation rigaragaza imbaraga z'udushya mu ikoranabuhanga n'ubufatanye mu nzego zitandukanye, kandi ihinduka kuva ku gikoresho kimwe cya laboratwari rijya ku gikoresho cy'ingenzi mu nzego nyinshi rigaragaza akamaro kacyo mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi no mu mikoreshereze ifatika. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga no kwaguka kw'uburyo bwo gukoresha, uducupa twa scintillation tuzagira uruhare runini mu mutekano w'isi mu bya kirimbuzi, mu miyoborere y'ibidukikije no mu iterambere rirambye.