Intangiriro

Uducupa tw’umutwe ni uducupa tw’icyitegererezo dukunze gukoreshwa mu gusesengura gaze chromatography (GC), ahanini dukoreshwa mu gupfunyika ingero z’umwuka cyangwa amazi kugira ngo ingero zigerweho kandi zisesengurwe neza binyuze muri sisitemu ifunze. Imiterere yatwo myiza yo gupfunyika no kudakora neza kwa shimi ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibisubizo by’isesengura bibe ukuri kandi bikorwe neza.

Mu igerageza rya buri munsi, uducupa tw’umutwe dukoreshwa nk’ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu gihe runaka. Nubwo ibi bifasha kugabanya kwanduzanya, byongera cyane ikiguzi cy’ibikorwa bya laboratwari, cyane cyane mu bikorwa birimo ingero nyinshi kandi bipima inshuro nyinshi. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha iyo bikoreshejwe mu gihe runaka bituma habaho imyanda myinshi y’ibirahuri, ibi bikaba bitera igitutu ku buryo laboratwari ikomeza kubaho.

Ibikoresho n'imiterere y'amacupa yo mu mutwe

Uducupa tw’umutwe dusanzwe dukozwe mu kirahuri cya borosilicate gikomeye kandi kidashyuha cyane, kidakoresha imiti kandi gihora gishyuha bihagije kugira ngo gishobore kwihanganira ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibintu bihumanya ikirere, imiterere y’ibiryo mu bushyuhe bwinshi ndetse n’ahantu hakoreshwa umuvuduko mwinshi.Mu buryo bw’imitekerereze, ikirahure cya borosilicate gifite ubushobozi bwo gusukura no kongera gukoresha, ariko igihe cyacyo nyakuri kigengwa n’ibintu nko kwangirika kw’inyubako n’ibisigazwa by’umwanda.

Uburyo bwo gufunga ni ingenzi mu mikorere y'uducupa tw'imbere kandi ubusanzwe tugizwe n'umupfundikizo wa aluminiyumu cyangwa spacer. Umupfundikizo wa aluminiyumu ufunga umunwa w'icupa ukoresheje icyuma cyangwa spacer, mu gihe spacer itanga uburyo bwo kwinjira mu rushinge kandi ikarinda umwuka gusohoka. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu gihe agacupa k'ikirahure gakomeza kuba imiterere yako y'ibanze nyuma yo gukaraba inshuro nyinshi, spacer ubusanzwe ni igice gikoreshwa mu gusohora kandi gishobora gutakaza coverage no gutakaza ibikoresho nyuma yo gutobora, bigatera ingaruka ku buryo bwo kongera gukoresha. Kubwibyo, mu gihe ugerageza kongera gukoresha, spacer ubusanzwe igomba gusimburwa, mu gihe kongera gukoresha uducupa tw'ikirahure n'udupfundikizo twa aluminiyumu bigomba gusuzumwa niba bifite ubushobozi bwo kugumana umwuka uhagije.

Byongeye kandi, ubwoko butandukanye bw'uducupa mu bunini, uburyo dukorwamo. Hashobora kubaho itandukaniro rito mu miterere y'umunwa w'agacupa, nibindi, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku guhuza n'uducupa tw'imashini, uburyo bwo gufunga, n'imiterere y'ibisigaye nyuma yo gusukurwa. Kubwibyo, mu gihe cyo gutegura gahunda yo gusukura no kongera gukoresha, hagomba gukorwa igenzura ryihariye ku bipimo byihariye by'uducupa bikoreshwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amakuru ahuye kandi yizewe.

Isesengura ry'ubushobozi bwo gusukura

1. Uburyo bwo gusukura

Uducupa two mu mutwe twoza mu buryo butandukanye, harimo ibyiciro bibiri by'ingenzi: gusukura intoki no gusukura byikora. Gusukura intoki akenshi biberanye no gutunganya uduce duto, gukoresha uburyo bworoshye, akenshi hakoreshejwe uburoso bw'amacupa akoresha reagent, gukaraba amazi atemba no gutunganya reagent mu ntambwe nyinshi. Ariko, kubera ko gusukura bishingiye ku gukoresha intoki, hari ibyago ko ibisubizo byo gusukura bishobora kuba bidahamye.

Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibikoresho byo gusukura byikora bishobora kunoza cyane imikorere y’isuku no kuyitunganya. Gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho bitanga utubumbe duto duto binyuze mu guhindagurika cyane, bishobora gukuraho neza ibisigazwa by’udusimba bifatanye n’uburinzi, kandi bikwiranye cyane no gufata ibisigazwa by’udusimba cyane cyangwa udusimba duto.

Guhitamo isuku bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngaruka zo gusukura. Isuku zikunze gukoreshwa zirimo etanoli, asetoni, amazi yo koza mu macupa, n'isabune zidasanzwe. Uburyo bwo gusukura bugirwa inama muri rusange: koza mu buryo bwa solvent (kugira ngo ukureho ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima)→ koza mu mazi (kugira ngo ukureho umwanda ushongesha mu mazi)→ koza mu mazi meza.

Nyuma yo gusukura birangiye, hagomba gukorwa kumisha neza kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushuhe busigara bugira ingaruka ku rugero. Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu kumisha ifuru yo muri laboratwari (60 ℃ -120 ℃), mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe bigoye, bishobora no gukoreshwa mu kunoza isuku n'ubushobozi bwa bagiteri bwo kwimura ibintu mu buryo bwa autoclaving.

2. Gutahura ibisigazwa nyuma yo gusukurwa

Isuku yuzuye igomba kwemezwa hakoreshejwe isuzuma ry’ibisigazwa. Inkomoko rusange y’ibintu byanduye irimo ibisigazwa byavuye mu bipimo byabanje, ibintu bivamo amazi, inyongeramusaruro n’ibice by’isabune byasigaye mu gikorwa cyo gusukura. Kudakuraho ibi bintu burundu bizagira ingaruka mbi ku isesengura rikurikiraho nka "ghost peaks" n’urusaku rwinshi rw’inyuma.

Mu bijyanye n'uburyo bwo kuvumbura, uburyo busobanutse ni ugukoresha agacupa karimo ubusa, ni ukuvuga agacupa kasukuwe gashyirwamo nk'icyitegererezo cy'ubusa, kandi kuba hari imisozi itazwi bigaragazwa na gaz chromatography (GC) cyangwa gaz chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ubundi buryo busanzwe ni isesengura rya karuboni y'umwimerere, rikoreshwa mu gupima ingano y'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bisigaye ku buso bw'agacupa cyangwa mu gikoresho cyo gukaraba.

Byongeye kandi, "kugereranya inyuma" bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye bwo gusesengura bujyanye n'icyitegererezo: agacupa kasukuwe gakoreshwa mu buryo bumwe n'agacupa gashya, kandi urwego rw'ibimenyetso inyuma rugereranywa n'uko hari imisozi itari yo kugira ngo harebwe niba isuku iri ku rwego rwemewe.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kongera gukoresha

1. Ingaruka ku bisubizo by'isesengura

Gukoresha utubumbe twa Headspace bigomba kubanza gusuzumwa ingaruka zabyo ku bisubizo by’isesengura, cyane cyane mu isesengura ry’imibare. Uko umubare w’ikoreshwa wiyongera, ibice by’urukiramende bishobora kuguma ku rukuta rw’imbere rw’akabuto, kandi na nyuma yo gusukurwa, imyanda ishobora gusohoka ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma ingano y’ibice by’urukiramende iba idashobora gupimwa. Bikunze cyane gupimwa ibice by’urukiramende kandi bishobora kwanduzwa cyane.

Urusaku rwinshi rw’inyuma narwo ni ikibazo gikunze kugaragara. Gusukura neza cyangwa kwangirika kw’ibikoresho bishobora gutuma sisitemu idakora neza, bigatuma hatamenyekana neza kandi hatahuzwa neza.

Byongeye kandi, kongera kubyaza umusaruro mu igerageza no kugumana ubusugire bw'igihe kirekire ni ibipimo by'ingenzi mu gusuzuma uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha. Niba uducupa tudahuje isuku, imikorere yo gufunga, cyangwa ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho, ibi bizatuma habaho ihinduka mu mikorere y'inshinge no guhinduka mu gice cyo hejuru, bityo bigira ingaruka ku kongera kubyaza umusaruro mu igerageza. Ni byiza ko ibizamini byo kwemeza ikoreshwa ry'uducupa dukoreshwa mu buryo bufatika bikorerwa ku ducupa twakoreshejwe mu buryo bufatika kugira ngo hamenyekane niba amakuru yasesenguwe ahuye kandi ahuye.

2. Gusaza kw'agacupa n'ibikoresho byo gupima

Kwangirika kw'umubiri no kwangirika kw'ibikoresho by'agacupa n'uburyo bwo gufunga ni ibintu bidashobora kwirindwa mu gihe cyo kubikoresha kenshi. Nyuma y'ibihe byinshi byo gushyuha, ingaruka za mekanike no kubisukura, amacupa y'ibirahure ashobora kugira uduce duto cyangwa uduce duto, tudahinduka "ahantu hapfuye" ku byanduza gusa, ahubwo tunateza ibyago byo kwangirika mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi.

Uduce duto, nk'ibice bitobora, turushaho kwangirika vuba. Ubwinshi bw'uduce duto bushobora gutuma umwobo w'uduce duto waguka cyangwa ugafungwa nabi, bigatuma icyitegererezo kidakora neza, kidakomeza guhumeka neza, ndetse n'ibiryo bidafite aho bibohera. Gusaza kw'agace gato bishobora kandi kurekura uduce duto cyangwa ibintu by'umwimerere bishobora kwanduza icyitegererezo kurushaho.

Ibimenyetso bigaragara mu gusaza birimo guhindura ibara ry'icupa, gushonga kw'ubuso, no guhinduka k'umupfundikizo wa aluminiyumu, byose bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo ingero zitangwa neza no guhuza ibikoresho. Kugira ngo habeho umutekano mu igerageza n'uburyo amakuru yizewe, ni byiza gukora igenzura rikenewe mu maso no gufunga mbere yo kongera gukoreshwa, no gukuraho ibice byangiritse cyane mu gihe gito.

Inama n'Ingamba zo Kwitondera zo kongera gukoresha

Uducupa tw’umutwe dushobora kongera gukoreshwa ku rugero runaka nyuma yo gusukurwa no kwemezwa bihagije, ariko ibi bigomba gusuzumwa neza hashingiwe ku buryo bwihariye bwo gukoreshwa, imiterere y’icyitegererezo n’imiterere y’ibikoresho.

1. Umubare usabwa wo kongera gukoresha

Dukurikije ubunararibonye bw'ibikorwa bya laboratwari zimwe na zimwe n'inyandiko, ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'ibipimo bya VOC cyangwa ingero nke z'ubwandu, uducupa tw'ikirahure dushobora kongera gukoreshwa inshuro 3-5, mu gihe twogejwe neza, twumishijwe kandi tugasuzumwa nyuma ya buri ikoreshwa. Nyuma y'iyi nshuro, ingorane zo gusukurwa, ibyago byo gusaza ndetse n'amahirwe yo kudafunga neza uducupa biriyongera cyane, kandi ni byiza ko tuvanwaho ku gihe. Amacupa ni byiza gusimburwa nyuma ya buri ikoreshwa kandi ntibyemewe kongera gukoreshwa.

Icyitonderwa ni uko ubwiza bw'uducupa butandukana bitewe n'ibirango n'ubwoko bwatwo kandi bugomba kwemezwa hashingiwe ku bicuruzwa byihariye. Ku mishinga y'ingenzi cyangwa isesengura ryimbitse, uducupa dushya tugomba kwitabwaho kugira ngo amakuru abe yizewe.

2. Ibihe aho kongera gukoresha bidakwiriye gukorwa

Ntibyemewe kongera gukoresha utubari two mu mutwe mu bihe bikurikira:

• Ibisigazwa by'icyitegererezo biragoye kubikuraho burundu, urugero nk'ibifite itoto cyane, byoroshye kubyinjiza cyangwa birimo umunyu;
• Icyitegererezo gifite uburozi bwinshi cyangwa gihinduka cyane, urugero: benzene, hydrocarbons za chlorine, nibindi. Ibisigazwa by'ibimera bishobora guteza akaga ku muntu ubikoresha;
• Gufunga ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa imiterere y'umuvuduko nyuma yo gukoresha agacupa, impinduka mu miterere y'umubiri bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gufunga nyuma;
• Ibinini bikoreshwa mu nzego zigenzurwa cyane nko mu buvuzi bw’amategeko, mu biribwa no mu miti, kandi bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza n’ibisabwa mu buvuzi bwa laboratwari;
• Uducupa dufite imiyoboro igaragara, imiterere y’uturemangingo, ibara rihinduka, cyangwa ibirango bigoye gukuraho bishobora guteza akaga gakomeye.

3. Gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora

Kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha neza kandi mu mutekano, hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bumwe bwo gukoresha, burimo ariko ntirugarukire gusa ku ngingo zikurikira:

• Gutunganya no gushyiramo imibare mu byiciro: Kumenya uducupa twakoreshejwe hanyuma wandike inshuro n'ubwoko bw'ibipimo byakoreshejwe;
• Gushyiraho urupapuro rw'igenzura: gushyiraho buri cyiciro cy'ibikorwa byo gusukura, kwandika ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gusukura, igihe cyo gusukura, n'ibipimo by'ibikoresho;
• Gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho by'iherezo ry'ubuzima n'ingendo z'igenzura: birasabwa gukora isuzuma ry'isura no gufunga nyuma ya buri cyiciro cy'ikoreshwa;
• Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutandukanya ahantu ho gusukura no kubika ibintu: kwirinda kwanduzanya no kugenzura ko uducupa dusukuye dukomeza kuba dusukuye mbere yo gukoresha;
• Gukora ibizamini byo kwemeza buri gihe: urugero: gukoresha ubusa kugira ngo harebwe ko nta kibazo kirimo kandi ko ikoreshwa kenshi ritagize ingaruka ku bisubizo by'isesengura.

Binyuze mu micungire ya siyansi n'uburyo busanzwe, laboratwari ishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buryo bukwiye mu rwego rwo kwemeza ireme ry'isesengura, no kugera ku bikorwa by'igerageza birambye kandi birambye.

Isuzuma ry'Ibyiza by'Ubukungu n'Ibidukikije

Kugenzura ikiguzi no kubungabunga ibidukikije byabaye ibintu by'ingenzi mu mikorere ya laboratwari igezweho. Gusukura no kongera gukoresha uducupa tw’imbere mu mutwe bishobora gutuma habaho kuzigama amafaranga menshi gusa, ahubwo binagabanya imyanda ya laboratwari, ibyo bikaba bifite akamaro kanini mu kurengera ibidukikije no kubaka laboratwari y’icyatsi kibisi.

1. Kubara amafaranga yo kuzigama: ashobora gukoreshwa cyangwa ashobora kongera gukoreshwa

Iyo hakoreshwaga uducupa tw’umutwe dukoreshwa mu gusohora imvura kuri buri gerageza, igerageza 100 ryashoboraga guteza igihombo cy’ikiguzi cy’imvura. Iyo buri gacupa k’ikirahure gashobora kongera gukoreshwa mu buryo bwizewe inshuro nyinshi, igerageza rimwe ryasaba igiciro cy’impuzandengo cyangwa kiri munsi y’icyari cyakoreshejwe mbere.

Uburyo bwo gusukura bunasaba ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, amasabune n'amafaranga y'abakozi. Ariko, kuri laboratwari zifite sisitemu zo gusukura zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, amafaranga make yo gusukura ni make cyane, cyane cyane mu isesengura ry'ingero nyinshi, kandi inyungu mu bukungu zo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho ni ingenzi cyane.

2. Ingufu zo kugabanya imyanda yo muri laboratwari

Uducupa dukoreshwa rimwe dushobora kwirundanya vuba imyanda myinshi y’ibirahuri. Iyo twongeye gukoresha utwo ducupa, umusaruro w’imyanda ushobora kugabanuka cyane kandi umutwaro wo kuyijugunya ukagabanuka, bigatuma inyungu z’ako kanya cyane cyane muri laboratwari zifite ibiciro byo kuyijugunyamo imyanda byinshi cyangwa ibisabwa cyane mu kuyitondekanya.

Byongeye kandi, kugabanya umubare w'ibikoresho byo gutandukanya ibintu n'imipfundikizo ya aluminiyumu bikoreshwa bizagabanya cyane ingano y'imyanda iva mu byuma n'iy'isuku ikomoka kuri peteroli.

3. Umusanzu mu iterambere rirambye rya laboratwari

Kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bya laboratwari ni igice cy'ingenzi mu "mpinduka ku bidukikije". Mu kongera igihe cy'ibikoresho bikoreshwa hatabayeho kwangiza ireme ry'amakuru, ntabwo twongera gusa ikoreshwa ry'umutungo, ahubwo tunahuza ibisabwa na sisitemu zo gucunga ibidukikije nka ISO 14001. Binahuza ibisabwa na sisitemu zo gucunga ibidukikije nka ISO 14001, kandi bigira ingaruka nziza ku gusaba icyemezo cya laboratwari ku bidukikije, isuzumabumenyi ryo kuzigama ingufu za kaminuza, na raporo z'inshingano z'ibigo.

Muri icyo gihe, gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukoresha no gusukura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe binateza imbere imicungire ya laboratwari kandi bigafasha guteza imbere umuco wo kugerageza uha agaciro kangana igitekerezo cyo gukomeza no gukurikiza amahame ya siyansi.

Umwanzuro n'Icyerekezo

Muri make, gusukura no kongera gukoresha uducupa tw’imbere mu mutwe birashoboka mu buryo bwa tekiniki. Ibikoresho by’ikirahure bya borosilicate byiza kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo kudakoresha imiti kandi birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi bishobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi bitagize ingaruka ku bisubizo by’isesengura mu gihe cyo gusukura no gukoresha ibikoresho bikwiye. Binyuze mu guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusukura, gukoresha ibikoresho byikora byo gusukura, no guhuza uburyo bwo kumisha no gusukura, laboratwari ishobora gukoresha uducupa mu buryo busanzwe, ikagenzura neza ikiguzi no kugabanya imyanda ivamo.

Mu ikoreshwa ry’ibipimo, imiterere y’icyitegererezo, ibisabwa mu buryo bwo gusesengura, ndetse no gusaza kw’uducupa n’uduce duto bigomba gusuzumwa neza. Ni byiza gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gukoresha, harimo inyandiko y’ikoreshwa, umubare ntarengwa w’inshuro zisubirwamo, hamwe n’uburyo bwo gusiba buri gihe kugira ngo harebwe ko kongera gukoresha ibipimo bitabangamira ireme ry’amakuru n’umutekano w’igerageza.

Mu gihe hategerejwe imbere, hamwe no guteza imbere igitekerezo cya laboratwari y’icyatsi kibisi no gushimangira amategeko agenga ibidukikije, kongera gukoresha amacupa bizagenda biba icyerekezo cy’ingenzi cyo gucunga umutungo wa laboratwari, ubushakashatsi bw’ejo hazaza bushobora kwibanda ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi ryikora mu buryo bwikora, kugira ngo hamenyekane ibikoresho bishya bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, nibindi, binyuze mu isuzuma rya siyansi no gushyiraho inzego z’ubuyobozi mu bijyanye no kongera gukoresha amacupa yo mu mutwe. Binyuze mu isuzuma rya siyansi n’imicungire y’inzego, kongera gukoresha amacupa yo mu mutwe ntibifasha gusa kugabanya ikiguzi cy’igerageza, ahubwo binatanga inzira ishoboka yo guteza imbere laboratwari mu buryo burambye.